Articles | Volume 17, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-463-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-463-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Water masses in the Atlantic Ocean: characteristics and distributions
Mian Liu
College of Ocean and Earth Sciences,
Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel,
Marine Biogeochemistry, Chemical Oceanography,
Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel,
Marine Biogeochemistry, Chemical Oceanography,
Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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- 231Pa/230Th ratios in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and their implications for the application of the ratios as an ocean circulation proxy A. Leal et al.
- An ARGO and XBT Observing System for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Meridional Heat Transport (AXMOC) at 22.5°S I. Pita et al.
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- High genetic connectivity of the two main cold-water scleractinian framework engineers from the Southwestern Atlantic K. Capel et al.
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89 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Outgassing of CO2 dominates in the coastal upwelling off the northwest African coast N. Lefèvre et al.
- Dissolved Methane in the World's Largest Semi‐Enclosed Estuarine System: The Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada) Y. Li et al.
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- Water Masses and Circulation in the Chain Fracture Zone (Equatorial Atlantic) A. Demidov et al.
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- Surface ocean biogeochemistry and deep ocean circulation control relationships between nutrient-type trace metals (Cd, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and nutrients in the South Atlantic Ocean near the subtropical front X. Chen et al.
- Carbohydrates, enzyme activities, and microbial communities across depth gradients in the western North Atlantic Ocean C. Lloyd et al.
- Freshwater input from glacier melt outside Greenland alters modeled northern high-latitude ocean circulation J. Malles et al.
- Winter dissolved and particulate zinc in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean: Distribution and relation to major nutrients (GEOTRACES GIpr07 transect) R. Cloete et al.
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- An ARGO and XBT Observing System for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Meridional Heat Transport (AXMOC) at 22.5°S I. Pita et al.
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- Ocean circulation drives zonation of deep-water coral communities and their traits in the Northwest Atlantic M. Rakka et al.
- Linking surface pCO2 variability to physical processes along a continental shelf–ocean transect in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean during austral autumn and winter C. Albuquerque et al.
- High genetic connectivity of the two main cold-water scleractinian framework engineers from the Southwestern Atlantic K. Capel et al.
- Structure and composition of the deep-sea fish community between 150 and 2050 m depth on the Canary Islands, eastern-central Atlantic R. Triay-Portella et al.
- 129I and 236U distribution in the subpolar North Atlantic unravels water mass provenance in AR7W and A25 lines L. Leist et al.
- Contribution of the wind and Loop Current eddies to the circulation in the western Gulf of Mexico E. Olvera-Prado et al.
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- Major sources of North Atlantic Deep Water in the subpolar North Atlantic from Lagrangian analyses in an eddy-rich ocean model J. Fröhle et al.
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- Water Mass Structure and Variability in the Kane Gap (Equatorial Atlantic Ocean) A. Demidov et al.
- Latitudinal assemblages and vertical distribution of micronektonic crustaceans in the North Atlantic Ocean J. Díaz-Pérez et al.
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- Controls on the distribution of dissolved Cr in the upper water column of the Atlantic Basin D. Gilliard et al.
- Propagation of Intermediate Waters in the North Atlantic I. Samborskaia et al.
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- Sediment Release in the Benguela Upwelling System Dominates Trace Metal Input to the Shelf and Eastern South Atlantic Ocean T. Liu et al.
- Biological Carbon Pump Sequestration Efficiency in the North Atlantic: A Leaky or a Long‐Term Sink? C. Baker et al.
- Special delivery of proteinaceous matter to deep-sea microbes Y. Shen et al.
- Contourite depositional systems within the Orange Basin, South Africa: a Neo-Quaternary account of bottom current movement and sedimentation A. Fielies & R. Africa
- Hotspots beyond borders: quantitative assessment of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems on the Corner Rise seamounts with implications for conservation planning L. Beckmann et al.
- Morphology and evolution of a modern mixed (turbidite-contourite) depositional system associated with deeply-incised submarine canyons in the Patagonian Continental Margin J. Isola et al.
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- A survey of coastal conditions around the continental US using a high-resolution ocean reanalysis M. Alexander et al.
- Global biogeography of the lower bathyal (700–3000 m) as determined from the distributions of cnidarian anthozoans L. Watling & A. Lapointe
- Water Masses of the Arctic from 40 Years of Hydrographic Observations K. Oglethorpe et al.
- Structure of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in Three Generations of Climate Models F. Wang et al.
- Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean A. Silvano et al.
- Millennial and centennial CO2 release from the Southern Ocean during the last deglaciation J. Yu et al.
- Monitoring seawater temperature variability in stratified coastal waters: A case study for Alcatrazes Archipelago conservation area (SE Brazil) B. Carvalho et al.
- Mapping of dissolved black carbon in the Atlantic Ocean N. Davtian et al.
- Carbon remineralization by small mesopelagic and bathypelagic Stomiiforms in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean A. Sarmiento-Lezcano et al.
- Comparison of different protocols for the leaching of Be-isotope signals from marine sediments M. Lausecker et al.
- Transient tracer observations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence reveal shift from younger to older inflow waters L. Gerke et al.
- The Scotland–Canada overturning array (SCOTIA): twenty years of meridional overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic A. Fox et al.
- Evidence From Dissolved O2 Isotopes in North Atlantic Deep Water for a Recent Climatic Shift I. Musan et al.
- Biodiversity and distribution of deep-pelagic fishes from the subtropical Southwestern Atlantic A. Silva et al.
- Benthic community zonation from mesophotic to deep sea: Description of first deep-water kelp forest and coral gardens in the Madeira archipelago (central NE Atlantic) A. Braga-Henriques et al.
- Thermistor string corrections in data from very weakly stratified deep-ocean waters H. van Haren
- Controls on distributions of aluminium, manganese and cobalt in the South Atlantic Ocean along GEOTRACES transect GA10 X. Chen et al.
- Bottom water masses on the European continental margins R. León et al.
- Is There the Equatorial Water Mass in the Atlantic Ocean? V. Zhurbas et al.
- Water Masses of the Guiana Basin A. Demidov et al.
- Regionally distinct drivers of the carbonate system dynamics in the Drake Passage and northern Antarctic Peninsula L. Arbilla et al.
- Mapping potential benthic habitats of the Rio Grande Rise, SW Atlantic M. Lisniowski et al.
- Note on volume and distribution of fresh water in the Amazon River plume under low discharge conditions P. Zavialov et al.
- Projecting Chlorophyll-a distributions under climate change using Copula-based inference and SST projections A. Ben Salah et al.
- Holocene oceanographic variability in the Subtropical Northeast Atlantic I. Pérez-Rodríguez et al.
- Mesozoic and Cenozoic oceanic gateway evolution and global tectonics: palaeoceanographic and sedimentary implications F. Hernández-Molina & C. Scotese
- From small-scale variability to mesoscale stability in surface ocean pH: implications for air–sea CO2 equilibration L. Delaigue et al.
- An Atlantic-wide assessment of marine heatwaves beyond the surface in an eddy-rich ocean model T. Schulzki et al.
- The fate of antarctic intermediate water: scenarios of volume and temperature-salinity changes in the Western South Atlantic from CMIP6 models G. de Oliveira et al.
- Do desert dust input and pronounced oxygen minimum zones act as sources or sinks for dissolved molybdenum and uranium? A GEOTRACES study in the eastern Atlantic Ocean S. Poehle et al.
- High Resolution Estimation of Ocean Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, Total Alkalinity and pH Based on Deep Learning C. Galdies & R. Guerra
- Response of coccolithophore communities to oceanographic and atmospheric processes across the North- and Equatorial Atlantic C. Guerreiro et al.
- A Glider View of the Spreading and Mixing Processes of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the Northeastern Subtropical Atlantic J. Jiménez-Rincón et al.
- Regarding the Bottom Nepheloid Layer in the Kane Gap V. Sivkov & E. Bubnova
- Application of multi-regression machine learning algorithms to solve ocean water mass mixing in the Atlantic Ocean C. Romera-Castillo et al.
- Changes in North Atlantic deep-water oxygenation across the Middle Pleistocene Transition N. Thomas et al.
- Late Cenozoic updated foraminiferal stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental framework for the southwestern shelf of Africa M. Bachari et al.
- Deep Water Exchange Through Fracture Zones In The North Atlantic Ridge, Central Atlantic A. Seliverstova et al.
- Unveiling 3D ocean biogeochemical provinces in the North Atlantic: A systematic comparison and validation of clustering methods Y. Jenniges et al.
- Boundary Upwelling of Antarctic Bottom Water by Topographic Turbulence L. Baker et al.
- Ocean circulation and biological processes drive seasonal variations of dissolved Al, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Zn on the Northeast Atlantic continental margin X. Chen et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 May 2026
Short summary
We have characterized the major water masses in the Atlantic Ocean based on the properties found in their formation areas using six properties taken from the GLODAPv2 data product, including both conservative (conservative temperature and absolute salinity) and non-conservative (oxygen, silicate, phosphate and nitrate) properties. The distributions of the water masses are estimated by using the optimum multi-parameter (OMP) model, and we have mapped the distributions of the water masses.
We have characterized the major water masses in the Atlantic Ocean based on the properties found...