Articles | Volume 17, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Jan 2021
Research article |
| 19 Jan 2021
| 19 Jan 2021
Accuracy assessment of global internal-tide models using satellite altimetry
Loren Carrere
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
CLS, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, 31450, France
Brian K. Arbic
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Brian Dushaw
independent researcher: Girona, 17004, Spain
Gary Egbert
Department Geology and Geophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
OR 97331-5503, USA
Svetlana Erofeeva
Department Geology and Geophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
OR 97331-5503, USA
Florent Lyard
LEGOS-OMP laboratory, Toulouse, 31401, France
Richard D. Ray
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Clément Ubelmann
Ocean Next, La Terrasse, 38660, France
Edward Zaron
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State
University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA
Zhongxiang Zhao
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Jay F. Shriver
Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA
Maarten Cornelis Buijsman
Division of Marine Science, University of Southern Mississippi,
Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA
Nicolas Picot
CNES, Toulouse, 31400, France
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Cited
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- EOT20: a global ocean tide model from multi-mission satellite altimetry M. Hart-Davis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3869-2021
- Distinct Variability between Semidiurnal and Diurnal Internal Tides at the East China Sea Shelf W. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112570
- Resonant Diurnal Internal Tides in the North Atlantic: 2. Modeling B. Dushaw & D. Menemenlis https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101193
- Satellite Estimates of Mode-1 M2 Internal Tides Using Nonrepeat Altimetry Missions Z. Zhao https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0287.1
- Virtual coastal altimetry tide gauges along the West African coast L. Djeumeni Noubissie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108600
- Evaluating tidal and offshore wind as a sustainable solution for remote off-grid communities M. Bolivar-Carbonell et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2026.140215
- Advances in the observation and understanding of changes in sea level and tides P. Woodworth https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14851
- Incorporating tides and internal gravity waves within global ocean general circulation models: A review B. Arbic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102824
- On the Spatial Variability of the Mesoscale Sea Surface Height Wavenumber Spectra in the Atlantic Ocean X. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018769
- 西太平洋区域海洋中尺度数值预报及卫星高度计资料同化方法 志. 李 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSTe-2024-0012
- Simultaneous estimation of ocean mesoscale and coherent internal tide sea surface height signatures from the global altimetry record C. Ubelmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-469-2022
- Satellite Altimetry: Achievements and Future Trends by a Scientometrics Analysis L. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143332
- Origin and propagation of M2 internal tides in the Arabian Sea H. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2024.104441
- Inertia-gravity wave dissipation and form drag. I. Finite depth effects D. Abdulah & W. Kang https://doi.org/10.1103/gnnb-vdkj
- Tide simulation in a global eddy-resolving ocean model Z. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-024-2352-5
- A new-generation internal tide model based on 30 years of satellite sea surface height measurements: multiwave decomposition and isolated beams Z. Zhao https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3949-2025
- Baroclinic Tidal Energetics Inferred from Satellite Altimetry E. Zaron et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0096.1
- An Approach to Empirical Mapping of Incoherent Internal Tides With Altimetry Data G. Egbert & S. Erofeeva https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095863
- A global internal tide modeling framework for improving satellite observations of fine-scale ocean circulation B. Yadidya et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aee1885
- Regional modeling of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia – Part 2: Tidal incoherence and implications for sea surface height observability A. Bendinger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1943-2025
- Ocean Circulation from Space R. Morrow et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09778-9
- Surprises in Physical Oceanography: Contributions from Ocean Acoustic Tomography B. Dushaw https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusa.39
- Global Dynamics of the Stationary M2Mode‐1 Internal Tide S. Kelly et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091692
- A review of the evolution of satellite radar altimetry for hydrological Monitoring: Water level and discharge estimation B. kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.104039
- Internal tides off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons: interactions with background circulation and SSH imprints M. Tchilibou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022
- Internal tides off the Amazon shelf in the western tropical Atlantic: analysis of SWOT Cal/Val mission data M. Tchilibou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025
- Development of the Yearly Mode-1 M2 Internal Tide Model in 2019 Z. Zhao https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0116.1
- Satellite Observed Multisource Internal Tide Radiation and Interference in the Banda Sea P. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019383
- Regional modeling of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia – Part 1: Coherent internal-tide characteristics and sea surface height signature A. Bendinger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023
- Preface: Developments in the science and history of tides P. Woodworth et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-809-2021
- A Deep Learning Approach to Extract Internal Tides Scattered by Geostrophic Turbulence H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099400
- Numerical prediction of oceanic mesoscale circulation and satellite altimetry data assimilation in the Western Pacific Z. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-024-1488-1
- Current observed global mean sea level rise and acceleration estimated from satellite altimetry and the associated measurement uncertainty A. Guérou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-431-2023
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- EOT20: a global ocean tide model from multi-mission satellite altimetry M. Hart-Davis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3869-2021
- Distinct Variability between Semidiurnal and Diurnal Internal Tides at the East China Sea Shelf W. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112570
- Resonant Diurnal Internal Tides in the North Atlantic: 2. Modeling B. Dushaw & D. Menemenlis https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101193
- Satellite Estimates of Mode-1 M2 Internal Tides Using Nonrepeat Altimetry Missions Z. Zhao https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0287.1
- Virtual coastal altimetry tide gauges along the West African coast L. Djeumeni Noubissie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108600
- Evaluating tidal and offshore wind as a sustainable solution for remote off-grid communities M. Bolivar-Carbonell et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2026.140215
- Advances in the observation and understanding of changes in sea level and tides P. Woodworth https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14851
- Incorporating tides and internal gravity waves within global ocean general circulation models: A review B. Arbic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102824
- On the Spatial Variability of the Mesoscale Sea Surface Height Wavenumber Spectra in the Atlantic Ocean X. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018769
- 西太平洋区域海洋中尺度数值预报及卫星高度计资料同化方法 志. 李 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSTe-2024-0012
- Simultaneous estimation of ocean mesoscale and coherent internal tide sea surface height signatures from the global altimetry record C. Ubelmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-469-2022
- Satellite Altimetry: Achievements and Future Trends by a Scientometrics Analysis L. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143332
- Origin and propagation of M2 internal tides in the Arabian Sea H. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2024.104441
- Inertia-gravity wave dissipation and form drag. I. Finite depth effects D. Abdulah & W. Kang https://doi.org/10.1103/gnnb-vdkj
- Tide simulation in a global eddy-resolving ocean model Z. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-024-2352-5
- A new-generation internal tide model based on 30 years of satellite sea surface height measurements: multiwave decomposition and isolated beams Z. Zhao https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3949-2025
- Baroclinic Tidal Energetics Inferred from Satellite Altimetry E. Zaron et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0096.1
- An Approach to Empirical Mapping of Incoherent Internal Tides With Altimetry Data G. Egbert & S. Erofeeva https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095863
- A global internal tide modeling framework for improving satellite observations of fine-scale ocean circulation B. Yadidya et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aee1885
- Regional modeling of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia – Part 2: Tidal incoherence and implications for sea surface height observability A. Bendinger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1943-2025
- Ocean Circulation from Space R. Morrow et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09778-9
- Surprises in Physical Oceanography: Contributions from Ocean Acoustic Tomography B. Dushaw https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusa.39
- Global Dynamics of the Stationary M2Mode‐1 Internal Tide S. Kelly et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091692
- A review of the evolution of satellite radar altimetry for hydrological Monitoring: Water level and discharge estimation B. kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.104039
- Internal tides off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons: interactions with background circulation and SSH imprints M. Tchilibou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022
- Internal tides off the Amazon shelf in the western tropical Atlantic: analysis of SWOT Cal/Val mission data M. Tchilibou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025
- Development of the Yearly Mode-1 M2 Internal Tide Model in 2019 Z. Zhao https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0116.1
- Satellite Observed Multisource Internal Tide Radiation and Interference in the Banda Sea P. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019383
- Regional modeling of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia – Part 1: Coherent internal-tide characteristics and sea surface height signature A. Bendinger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023
- Preface: Developments in the science and history of tides P. Woodworth et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-809-2021
- A Deep Learning Approach to Extract Internal Tides Scattered by Geostrophic Turbulence H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099400
- Numerical prediction of oceanic mesoscale circulation and satellite altimetry data assimilation in the Western Pacific Z. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-024-1488-1
- Current observed global mean sea level rise and acceleration estimated from satellite altimetry and the associated measurement uncertainty A. Guérou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-431-2023
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Short summary
Internal tides can have a signature of several centimeters at the ocean surface and need to be corrected from altimeter measurements. We present a detailed validation of several internal-tide models using existing satellite altimeter databases. The analysis focuses on the main diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents. Results show the interest of the methodology proposed, the quality of the internal-tide models tested and their positive contribution for estimating an accurate sea level.
Internal tides can have a signature of several centimeters at the ocean surface and need to be...
