Articles | Volume 16, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1475-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1475-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Dec 2020
Research article |
| 01 Dec 2020
| 01 Dec 2020
The winter stratification phenomenon and its consequences in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea
Taavi Liblik
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12616, Estonia
Germo Väli
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12616, Estonia
Inga Lips
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12616, Estonia
Madis-Jaak Lilover
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12616, Estonia
Villu Kikas
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12616, Estonia
Jaan Laanemets
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12616, Estonia
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Cited
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Major Baltic Inflows come in different flavours U. Löptien et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02209-0
- Forcing-dependent submesoscale variability and subduction in a coastal sea area (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) K. Salm et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2555-2025
- Hazardous substances in the sediments and their pathways from potential sources in the eastern Gulf of Finland I. Kuprijanov et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112642
- Upwelling characteristics in the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea): multiple data source approach M. Skudra et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1244643
- СЕЗОННОСТЬ СУБМЕЗОМАСШТАБНЫХ КОГЕРЕНТНЫХ ВИХРЕЙ В СЕВЕРНОЙ БАЛТИКЕ: МОДЕЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика" Г. Вяли & В. Журбас https://doi.org/10.7868/S2073667321030114
- Submesoscale dynamics in the Baltic Sea – a review U. Lips et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2026.103746
- Mapping microplastic pathways and accumulation zones in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea – insights from modeling A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1524585
- Wind-Controlled Transport of Saltwater in the Southeastern Baltic Sea: A Model Study V. Zhurbas & G. Väli https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.835656
- Modeling the pathways of microplastics in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea – sensitivity of parametrizations E. Siht et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01649-0
- Wind-driven variability in phytoplankton dynamics in a semi-enclosed sea R. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109667
- Climate change–induced thermal load as a natural form of thermal pollution in semi-enclosed seas V. Kartal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108205
- Spatiotemporal Variability of Microplastics in the Eastern Baltic Sea A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.875984
- Striped texture of submesoscale fields in the northeastern Baltic Proper: Results of very high-resolution modelling for summer season V. Zhurbas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2021.08.003
- Environmental impact of water exchange blocking in a strait – a multidisciplinary study in the Baltic Sea T. Liblik et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2023.06.002
- Energy fluxes and vertical heat transfer in the Southern Baltic Sea D. Rak et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1365759
- Investigating the influence of sub-mesoscale current structures on Baltic Sea connectivity through a Lagrangian analysis S. Hariri et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1340291
- Wind-driven salinity tongue migration in the Gulf of Finland according to NEMO and ERA5 reanalyses V. Zhurbas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2023.103932
- Quasi-steady circulation regimes in the Baltic Sea T. Liblik et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-857-2022
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Major Baltic Inflows come in different flavours U. Löptien et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02209-0
- Forcing-dependent submesoscale variability and subduction in a coastal sea area (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) K. Salm et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2555-2025
- Hazardous substances in the sediments and their pathways from potential sources in the eastern Gulf of Finland I. Kuprijanov et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112642
- Upwelling characteristics in the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea): multiple data source approach M. Skudra et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1244643
- СЕЗОННОСТЬ СУБМЕЗОМАСШТАБНЫХ КОГЕРЕНТНЫХ ВИХРЕЙ В СЕВЕРНОЙ БАЛТИКЕ: МОДЕЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика" Г. Вяли & В. Журбас https://doi.org/10.7868/S2073667321030114
- Submesoscale dynamics in the Baltic Sea – a review U. Lips et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2026.103746
- Mapping microplastic pathways and accumulation zones in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea – insights from modeling A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1524585
- Wind-Controlled Transport of Saltwater in the Southeastern Baltic Sea: A Model Study V. Zhurbas & G. Väli https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.835656
- Modeling the pathways of microplastics in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea – sensitivity of parametrizations E. Siht et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01649-0
- Wind-driven variability in phytoplankton dynamics in a semi-enclosed sea R. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109667
- Climate change–induced thermal load as a natural form of thermal pollution in semi-enclosed seas V. Kartal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108205
- Spatiotemporal Variability of Microplastics in the Eastern Baltic Sea A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.875984
- Striped texture of submesoscale fields in the northeastern Baltic Proper: Results of very high-resolution modelling for summer season V. Zhurbas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2021.08.003
- Environmental impact of water exchange blocking in a strait – a multidisciplinary study in the Baltic Sea T. Liblik et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2023.06.002
- Energy fluxes and vertical heat transfer in the Southern Baltic Sea D. Rak et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1365759
- Investigating the influence of sub-mesoscale current structures on Baltic Sea connectivity through a Lagrangian analysis S. Hariri et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1340291
- Wind-driven salinity tongue migration in the Gulf of Finland according to NEMO and ERA5 reanalyses V. Zhurbas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2023.103932
- Quasi-steady circulation regimes in the Baltic Sea T. Liblik et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-857-2022
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Short summary
The upper mixed layer, shallower than the depth of the euphotic zone, is one of the preconditions for enhanced primary production in the ocean. In the Baltic Sea, the general understanding is that the upper mixed layer is much deeper in winter. In this study, we demonstrate that wintertime shallow stratification and an elevated phytoplankton biomass proxy, chlorophyll, are common in the Gulf of Finland. Stratification is invoked by the westward flow of riverine water forced by an easterly wind.
The upper mixed layer, shallower than the depth of the euphotic zone, is one of the...
