Articles | Volume 12, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-925-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-925-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Observed and simulated full-depth ocean heat-content changes for 1970–2005
International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences,
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
Kevin E. Trenberth
National Center for Atmospheric
Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Matthew D. Palmer
Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road,
Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Jiang Zhu
International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences,
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
John P. Abraham
School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN, USA
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High-quality observations are crucial to understanding ocean oxygen changes and their impact on marine biota. We developed a quality control procedure to ensure the high quality of the heterogeneous ocean oxygen data archive and to prove data consistency. Oxygen data obtained by means of oxygen sensors on autonomous Argo floats were compared with reference data based on the chemical analysis and estimates of the residual offsets were obtained.
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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1. Argo floats were used to examine tropical cyclone (TC) induced ocean thermal changes on the global scale by comparing temperature profiles before and after TC passage.
2. Global average of the vertical structure of the average ocean thermal response for two different categories: tropical storms/depressions (TS/TD) and hurricanes were presented.
3. Significant differences between weak storm (TS/TD) and strong storm (hurricane) were found.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
L. Cheng, J. Zhu, and R. L. Sriver
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Preprint withdrawn
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1. TCs are responsible for 1.87 PW (11.05 W/m2) of heat transfer annually from the global ocean to the atmosphere during storm passage (0-3 days) on a global scale. Of this total, 1.05±0.20 PW (4.80±0.85 W/m2) is caused by TS/TD and 0.82±0.21 PW (6.25±1.5 W/m2) is caused by hurricanes.
2.The net ocean heat uptake caused by all storms is 0.34 PW (4-20 days mean). Hurricanes induce 0.75±0.25 PW (5.98±2.1 W/m2) net heat gain, and TS/TD leads to 0.41±0.21 PW (1.90±0.96 W/m2) net heat loss.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jonathan Tinker, Matthew D. Palmer, Benjamin J. Harrison, Enda O'Dea, David M. H. Sexton, Kuniko Yamazaki, and John W. Rostron
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Piers M. Forster, Chris Smith, Tristram Walsh, William F. Lamb, Robin Lamboll, Bradley Hall, Mathias Hauser, Aurélien Ribes, Debbie Rosen, Nathan P. Gillett, Matthew D. Palmer, Joeri Rogelj, Karina von Schuckmann, Blair Trewin, Myles Allen, Robbie Andrew, Richard A. Betts, Alex Borger, Tim Boyer, Jiddu A. Broersma, Carlo Buontempo, Samantha Burgess, Chiara Cagnazzo, Lijing Cheng, Pierre Friedlingstein, Andrew Gettelman, Johannes Gütschow, Masayoshi Ishii, Stuart Jenkins, Xin Lan, Colin Morice, Jens Mühle, Christopher Kadow, John Kennedy, Rachel E. Killick, Paul B. Krummel, Jan C. Minx, Gunnar Myhre, Vaishali Naik, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Sophie Szopa, Peter Thorne, Mahesh V. M. Kovilakam, Elisa Majamäki, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Margreet van Marle, Rachel M. Hoesly, Robert Rohde, Dominik Schumacher, Guido van der Werf, Russell Vose, Kirsten Zickfeld, Xuebin Zhang, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, and Panmao Zhai
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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Preprint under review for ESSD
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The continuous uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean leads to decreasing seawater pH, which is an ongoing threat to the marine ecosystem. The pH change was globally documented in the surface ocean but limited below the surface. Here, we present a monthly 1° gridded product of global seawater pH based on a machine learning method and real pH observations. The pH product covers the years 1992–2020 and depths of 0–2000 m.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Simona Simoncelli, Franco Reseghetti, Claudia Fratianni, Lijing Cheng, and Giancarlo Raiteri
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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Short summary
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
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Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tian Tian, Lijing Cheng, Gongjie Wang, John Abraham, Wangxu Wei, Shihe Ren, Jiang Zhu, Junqiang Song, and Hongze Leng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5037–5060, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5037-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5037-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution gridded dataset is crucial for understanding ocean processes at various spatiotemporal scales. Here we used a machine learning approach and successfully reconstructed a high-resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) ocean subsurface (1–2000 m) salinity dataset for the period 1993–2018 (monthly) by merging in situ salinity profile observations with high-resolution satellite remote-sensing data. This new product could be useful in various applications in ocean and climate fields.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Karina von Schuckmann, Lijing Cheng, Matthew D. Palmer, James Hansen, Caterina Tassone, Valentin Aich, Susheel Adusumilli, Hugo Beltrami, Tim Boyer, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Damien Desbruyères, Catia Domingues, Almudena García-García, Pierre Gentine, John Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Masayoshi Ishii, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian A. King, Gottfried Kirchengast, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, John Lyman, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Maeva Monier, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Axel Schweiger, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Andrew Shepherd, Donald A. Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Fiammetta Straneo, Mary-Louise Timmermans, and Susan E. Wijffels
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Short summary
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xiao Tang, Jiang Zhu, ZiFa Wang, Alex Gbaguidi, CaiYan Lin, JinYuan Xin, Tao Song, and Bo Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6395–6405, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6395-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6395-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical data assimilation through adjusting precursor emissions has brought out notable impacts on improving ozone forecasts in previous studies. This paper, from another point of view, investigated in detail the impacts of adjusting nitrogen oxide emissions on the forecasts of nitrogen dioxide through assimilating ozone observations. Limitations of the existing chemical data assimilation methods in a highly nonlinear system were identified and highlighted.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Heather Cannaby, Matthew D. Palmer, Tom Howard, Lucy Bricheno, Daley Calvert, Justin Krijnen, Richard Wood, Jonathan Tinker, Chris Bunney, James Harle, Andrew Saulter, Clare O'Neill, Clare Bellingham, and Jason Lowe
Ocean Sci., 12, 613–632, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-613-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-613-2016, 2016
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The Singapore government commissioned a modelling study of regional projections of changes in (i) long-term mean sea level and (ii) the frequency of extreme storm surge and wave events. We find that changes to long-term mean sea level constitute the dominant signal of change to the projected inundation risk for Singapore during the 21st century, these being 0.52 m(0.74 m) under the RCP 4.5(8.5) scenario.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
J. Zheng, J. Zhu, Z. Wang, F. Fang, C. C. Pain, and J. Xiang
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3421–3440, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3421-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3421-2015, 2015
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A new anisotropic hr-adaptive mesh technique has been applied to modelling of multiscale transport phenomena. Over existing air quality models typically based on static-structured grids using a locally nesting technique, the advantage of the anisotropic hr-adaptive model has the ability to adapt the mesh according to the evolving pollutant distribution and flow features. To illustrate its capability, comparisons have been made between the results obtained using adaptive and uniform meshes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
C. Yan, J. Zhu, and C. A. S. Tanajura
Ocean Sci., 11, 829–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-829-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-829-2015, 2015
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The altimetry data assimilation requires the addition of the mean dynamic topography to the altimetric sea level anomaly to match the model sea surface height. The mean dynamic topography is usually computed from the model long-term mean sea surface height. In this study, the impact of different mean dynamic topographies on the sea level anomaly assimilation is examined. Results show that impacts of the mean dynamic topography cannot be neglected.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
L. Cheng, J. Zhu, and R. L. Sriver
Ocean Sci., 11, 719–741, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-719-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-719-2015, 2015
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1. Argo floats were used to examine tropical cyclone (TC) induced ocean thermal changes on the global scale by comparing temperature profiles before and after TC passage.
2. Global average of the vertical structure of the average ocean thermal response for two different categories: tropical storms/depressions (TS/TD) and hurricanes were presented.
3. Significant differences between weak storm (TS/TD) and strong storm (hurricane) were found.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
F. Zheng and J. Zhu
Ocean Sci., 11, 187–194, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-187-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-187-2015, 2015
L. Cheng, J. Zhu, and R. L. Sriver
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/osd-11-2907-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/osd-11-2907-2014, 2014
Preprint withdrawn
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1. TCs are responsible for 1.87 PW (11.05 W/m2) of heat transfer annually from the global ocean to the atmosphere during storm passage (0-3 days) on a global scale. Of this total, 1.05±0.20 PW (4.80±0.85 W/m2) is caused by TS/TD and 0.82±0.21 PW (6.25±1.5 W/m2) is caused by hurricanes.
2.The net ocean heat uptake caused by all storms is 0.34 PW (4-20 days mean). Hurricanes induce 0.75±0.25 PW (5.98±2.1 W/m2) net heat gain, and TS/TD leads to 0.41±0.21 PW (1.90±0.96 W/m2) net heat loss.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. J. Sutanto, B. van den Hurk, P. A. Dirmeyer, S. I. Seneviratne, T. Röckmann, K. E. Trenberth, E. M. Blyth, J. Wenninger, and G. Hoffmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2815–2827, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2815-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2815-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Approach: Data Assimilation | Depth range: All Depths | Geographical range: All Geographic Regions | Phenomena: Temperature, Salinity and Density Fields
The ECMWF operational ensemble reanalysis–analysis system for ocean and sea ice: a description of the system and assessment
TOPAZ4: an ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic and Arctic
Transports and budgets in a 1/4 ° global ocean reanalysis 1989–2010
Impact of combining GRACE and GOCE gravity data on ocean circulation estimates
Metrological traceability of oceanographic salinity measurement results
Hao Zuo, Magdalena Alonso Balmaseda, Steffen Tietsche, Kristian Mogensen, and Michael Mayer
Ocean Sci., 15, 779–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-779-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-779-2019, 2019
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OCEAN5 is the fifth generation of the ocean and sea-ice analysis system at ECMWF. It was used for production of historical ocean and sea-ice states from 1979 onwards and is also used for generating real-time ocean and sea-ice states responsible for initializing the operational ECMWF weather forecasting system. This is a valuable data set with broad applications. A description of the OCEAN5 system and an assessment of the historical data set have been documented in this reference paper.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
P. Sakov, F. Counillon, L. Bertino, K. A. Lisæter, P. R. Oke, and A. Korablev
Ocean Sci., 8, 633–656, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-633-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-633-2012, 2012
K. Haines, M. Valdivieso, H. Zuo, and V. N. Stepanov
Ocean Sci., 8, 333–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-333-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-333-2012, 2012
T. Janjić, J. Schröter, R. Savcenko, W. Bosch, A. Albertella, R. Rummel, and O. Klatt
Ocean Sci., 8, 65–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-65-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-65-2012, 2012
S. Seitz, R. Feistel, D. G. Wright, S. Weinreben, P. Spitzer, and P. De Bièvre
Ocean Sci., 7, 45–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-45-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-45-2011, 2011
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Short summary
A new method of observing ocean heat content throughout the entire ocean depth is provided. The new method is compared with simulated ocean heat content changes from climate models. The comparisons are carried out in various depth layers of the ocean waters. It is found that there is excellent agreement between the models and the observations. Furthermore, we propose that changes to ocean heat content be used as a fundamental metric to evaluate climate models.
A new method of observing ocean heat content throughout the entire ocean depth is provided. The...