Articles | Volume 12, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-577-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-577-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Apr 2016
Research article |
| 22 Apr 2016
Design and validation of MEDRYS, a Mediterranean Sea reanalysis over the period 1992–2013
Mathieu Hamon
Mercator Océan, 10 rue Hermès, 31520
Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Jonathan Beuvier
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Mercator Océan, 10 rue Hermès, 31520
Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Météo France, 42 av. Gaspard Coriolis, 31057
Toulouse CEDEX, France
Samuel Somot
Météo France, 42 av. Gaspard Coriolis, 31057
Toulouse CEDEX, France
Jean-Michel Lellouche
Mercator Océan, 10 rue Hermès, 31520
Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Eric Greiner
CLS, 11 rue Hermès, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne,
France
Gabriel Jordà
Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, IMEDEA
(CSIC-UIB), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Esporles (Illes
Balears), Spain
Marie-Noëlle Bouin
Météo France, 42 av. Gaspard Coriolis, 31057
Toulouse CEDEX, France
Thomas Arsouze
LMD, école Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX,
France
Karine Béranger
LTHE, rue de la Piscine, 38400 Saint-Martin d'Hère,
France
Florence Sevault
Météo France, 42 av. Gaspard Coriolis, 31057
Toulouse CEDEX, France
Clotilde Dubois
Mercator Océan, 10 rue Hermès, 31520
Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Marie Drevillon
Mercator Océan, 10 rue Hermès, 31520
Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Yann Drillet
Mercator Océan, 10 rue Hermès, 31520
Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Related authors
No articles found.
Colin G. Jones, Fanny Adloff, Ben B. B. Booth, Peter M. Cox, Veronika Eyring, Pierre Friedlingstein, Katja Frieler, Helene T. Hewitt, Hazel A. Jeffery, Sylvie Joussaume, Torben Koenigk, Bryan N. Lawrence, Eleanor O'Rourke, Malcolm J. Roberts, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Roland Séférian, Samuel Somot, Pier Luigi Vidale, Detlef van Vuuren, Mario Acosta, Mats Bentsen, Raffaele Bernardello, Richard Betts, Ed Blockley, Julien Boé, Tom Bracegirdle, Pascale Braconnot, Victor Brovkin, Carlo Buontempo, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Markus Donat, Italo Epicoco, Pete Falloon, Sandro Fiore, Thomas Frölicher, Neven S. Fučkar, Matthew J. Gidden, Helge F. Goessling, Rune Grand Graversen, Silvio Gualdi, José M. Gutiérrez, Tatiana Ilyina, Daniela Jacob, Chris D. Jones, Martin Juckes, Elizabeth Kendon, Erik Kjellström, Reto Knutti, Jason Lowe, Matthew Mizielinski, Paola Nassisi, Michael Obersteiner, Pierre Regnier, Romain Roehrig, David Salas y Mélia, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Michael Schulz, Enrico Scoccimarro, Laurent Terray, Hannes Thiemann, Richard A. Wood, Shuting Yang, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 1319–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1319-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1319-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a number of priority areas for the international climate research community to address over the coming decade. Advances in these areas will both increase our understanding of past and future Earth system change, including the societal and environmental impacts of this change, and deliver significantly improved scientific support to international climate policy, such as future IPCC assessments and the UNFCCC Global Stocktake.
Sylvain Cailleau, Laurent Bessières, Léonel Chiendje, Flavie Dubost, Guillaume Reffray, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Simon van Gennip, Charly Régnier, Marie Drevillon, Marc Tressol, Matthieu Clavier, Julien Temple-Boyer, and Léo Berline
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3157–3173, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve Sargassum drift forecasting in the Caribbean area, drift models can be forced by higher-resolution ocean currents. To this goal a 3 km resolution regional ocean model has been developed. Its assessment is presented with a particular focus on the reproduction of fine structures representing key features of the Caribbean region dynamics and Sargassum transport. The simulated propagation of a North Brazil Current eddy and its dissipation was found to be quite realistic.
Marie-Noëlle Bouin, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Sylvie Malardel, Aurore Voldoire, and César Sauvage
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 117–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In numerical models, the turbulent exchanges of heat and momentum at the air–sea interface are not represented explicitly but with parameterisations depending on the surface parameters. A new parameterisation of turbulent fluxes (WASP) has been implemented in the surface model SURFEX v8.1 and validated on four case studies. It combines a close fit to observations including cyclonic winds, a dependency on the wave growth rate, and the possibility of being used in atmosphere–wave coupled models.
Gabriel Jordà and Javier Soto-Navarro
Ocean Sci., 19, 485–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-485-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-485-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a forecasting system for marine-litter concentration (MLC) in the Mediterranean based on a simple statistical method. The idea is that similar meteorological situations yield similar MLC patterns. We train our model with a historical meteorological dataset and MLCs from numerical simulations to recognize these situations and patterns and use them to forecast the future MLC. The results are promising; the approach has potential to become a suitable, cost-effective forecasting method.
Jorge Ramos-Alcántara, Damià Gomis, and Gabriel Jordà
Ocean Sci., 18, 1781–1803, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1781-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1781-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In a context of climate change, having sea level data all along the coast is essential. However, tide gauges yield pointwise observations, and satellite altimetry has limitations at the coast. We present a method that, learning from a years-long model output and using tide gauge observations only, is able to reconstruct sea level all along the coast. The accuracy of the reconstruction has been validated against independent observations and proven to be better than that of satellite altimetry.
Aurore Voldoire, Romain Roehrig, Hervé Giordani, Robin Waldman, Yunyan Zhang, Shaocheng Xie, and Marie-Nöelle Bouin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3347–3370, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3347-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3347-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A single-column version of the global climate model CNRM-CM6-1 has been designed to ease development and validation of the model physics at the air–sea interface in a simplified environment. This model is then used to assess the ability to represent the sea surface temperature diurnal cycle. We conclude that the sea surface temperature diurnal variability is reasonably well represented in CNRM-CM6-1 with a 1 h coupling time step and the upper-ocean model resolution of 1 m.
Joris Pianezze, Jonathan Beuvier, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Guillaume Samson, Ghislain Faure, and Gilles Garric
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1301–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Most numerical weather and oceanic prediction systems do not consider ocean–atmosphere feedback during forecast, and this can lead to significant forecast errors, notably in cases of severe situations. A new high-resolution coupled ocean–atmosphere system is presented in this paper. This forecast-oriented system, based on current regional operational systems and evaluated using satellite and in situ observations, shows that the coupling improves both atmospheric and oceanic forecasts.
Guillaume Evin, Samuel Somot, and Benoit Hingray
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1543–1569, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1543-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1543-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This research paper proposes an assessment of mean climate change responses and related uncertainties over Europe for mean seasonal temperature and total seasonal precipitation. An advanced statistical approach is applied to a large ensemble of 87 high-resolution EURO-CORDEX projections. For the first time, we provide a comprehensive estimation of the relative contribution of GCMs and RCMs, RCP scenarios, and internal variability to the total variance of a very large ensemble.
César Sauvage, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, and Marie-Noëlle Bouin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11857–11887, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11857-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11857-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea processes are key elements during Mediterranean heavy precipitation events. We aim to progress in their representation in high-resolution weather forecast. Using coupled ocean–air–wave simulations, we investigated air–sea mechanisms modulated by ocean and waves during a case that occurred in southern France. Results showed significant impact of the forecast on low-level dynamics and air–sea fluxes and illustrated potential benefits of coupled numerical weather prediction systems.
Thomas Drugé, Pierre Nabat, Marc Mallet, and Samuel Somot
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7639–7669, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7639-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the surface mass concentration and AOD evolution of various aerosols over the Euro-Mediterranean region between the end of the 20th century and the mid-21st century. This study also describes the part of the expected climate change over the Euro-Mediterranean region that can be explained by the evolution of these different aerosols.
Marie-Noëlle Bouin and Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier
Ocean Sci., 16, 1125–1142, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1125-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A kilometre-scale coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation is used to study the impact of a medicane on the oceanic upper layer. The processes responsible for the surface cooling are comparable to those of weak tropical cyclones. The oceanic response is influenced by the dynamics of the central Mediterranean. In particular, a cyclonic eddy leads to weaker cooling. Heavy rain occuring early in the event creates a salinity barrier layer, reinforcing the effects of the surface fluxes on the cooling.
Pierre Nabat, Samuel Somot, Christophe Cassou, Marc Mallet, Martine Michou, Dominique Bouniol, Bertrand Decharme, Thomas Drugé, Romain Roehrig, and David Saint-Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8315–8349, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8315-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8315-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The present work aims at better understanding regional climate–aerosol interactions over the Euro-Mediterranean region by studying the relationships between aerosols and atmospheric circulation. Based on 40-year regional climate simulations (1979–2018), our results show the role of the North Atlantic Oscillation in driving the interannual aerosol variability, and that of weather regimes for the daily variability, with ensuing effects on shortwave surface radiation and surface temperature.
Marie-Noëlle Bouin and Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6861–6881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6861-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6861-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A coupled, kilometre-scale simulation of a medicane is used to assess the impact of the ocean feedback and role of surface fluxes. Sea surface temperature (SST) drop is much weaker than for tropical cyclones, resulting in no impact on the cyclone. Surface fluxes depend mainly on wind and SST for evaporation and on air temperature for sensible heat. Processes in the Mediterranean, like advection of continental air, rain evaporation and dry air intrusion, play a role in cyclone development.
Ivan Manso-Narvarte, Erick Fredj, Gabriel Jordà, Maristella Berta, Annalisa Griffa, Ainhoa Caballero, and Anna Rubio
Ocean Sci., 16, 575–591, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-575-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-575-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our main aim is to study the feasibility of reconstructing oceanic currents by extending the data obtained from coastal multiplatform observatories to nearby areas in 3D in the SE Bay of Biscay. To that end, two different data-reconstruction methods with different approaches were tested, providing satisfactory results. This work is a first step towards the real applicability of these methods in this study area, and it shows the capabilities of the methods for a wide range of applications.
César Sauvage, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Marie-Noëlle Bouin, and Véronique Ducrocq
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1675–1699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1675-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1675-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea exchanges during Mediterranean heavy precipitation events are key and their representation must be improved for high-resolution weather forecasts. This study investigates the mechanisms acting at the air–sea interface during a case that occurred in southern France. To focus on the impact of sea state, we developed and used an original coupled air–wave model. Results show modifications of the forecast for the air–sea fluxes, the near-surface wind and the location of precipitation.
Miguel Agulles, Gabriel Jordà, Burt Jones, Susana Agustí, and Carlos M. Duarte
Ocean Sci., 16, 149–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-149-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-149-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Red Sea holds one of the most diverse marine ecosystems in the world, although fragile and vulnerable to ocean warming. To better understand the long-term variability and trends of temperature in the whole water column, we produce a 3-D gridded temperature product (TEMPERSEA) for the period 1958–2017, based on a large number of in situ observations, covering the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
Thomas Drugé, Pierre Nabat, Marc Mallet, and Samuel Somot
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3707–3731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3707-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3707-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Among the different aerosols affecting the Euro-Mediterranean region, ammonium and nitrate (A&N) aerosols are expected to have a growing impact on regional climate. In this study, these aerosols have been introduced in the prognostic aerosol scheme of the ALADIN-Climate regional model. Results show that since 2005 over Europe, A&N aerosol optical depth is higher than sulfate and organics and they are responsible for a cooling of about −0.2 °C over Europe during summer.
Camille Richon, Jean-Claude Dutay, Laurent Bopp, Briac Le Vu, James C. Orr, Samuel Somot, and François Dulac
Biogeosciences, 16, 135–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-135-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-135-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the effects of climate change and biogeochemical forcing evolution on the nutrient and plankton cycles of the Mediterranean Sea for the first time. We use a high-resolution coupled physical and biogeochemical model and perform 120-year transient simulations. The results indicate that changes in external nutrient fluxes and climate change may have synergistic or antagonistic effects on nutrient concentrations, depending on the region and the scenario.
Trung Nguyen-Quang, Jan Polcher, Agnès Ducharne, Thomas Arsouze, Xudong Zhou, Ana Schneider, and Lluís Fita
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4965–4985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4965-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4965-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a revised river routing scheme for the Organising Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model. The revision is carried out to benefit from the high-resolution topography provided by the Hydrological data and maps based on SHuttle Elevation Derivatives at multiple Scales (HydroSHEDS). We demonstrate that the finer description of the catchments allows for an improvement of the simulated river discharge of ORCHIDEE in an area with complex topography.
Jean-Michel Lellouche, Eric Greiner, Olivier Le Galloudec, Gilles Garric, Charly Regnier, Marie Drevillon, Mounir Benkiran, Charles-Emmanuel Testut, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Florent Gasparin, Olga Hernandez, Bruno Levier, Yann Drillet, Elisabeth Remy, and Pierre-Yves Le Traon
Ocean Sci., 14, 1093–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1093-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1093-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the coming decades, a strong growth of the ocean economy is expected. Scientific advances in operational oceanography will play a crucial role in addressing many environmental challenges and in the development of ocean-related economic activities. In this context, remarkable improvements have been achieved with the current Mercator Ocean system. 3-D water masses, sea level, sea ice and currents have been improved, and thus major oceanic variables are hard to distinguish from the data.
Erik Kjellström, Grigory Nikulin, Gustav Strandberg, Ole Bøssing Christensen, Daniela Jacob, Klaus Keuler, Geert Lenderink, Erik van Meijgaard, Christoph Schär, Samuel Somot, Silje Lund Sørland, Claas Teichmann, and Robert Vautard
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 459–478, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-459-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-459-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Based on high-resolution regional climate models we investigate European climate change at 1.5 and 2 °C of global warming compared to pre-industrial levels. Considerable near-surface warming exceeding that of the global mean is found for most of Europe, already at the lower 1.5 °C of warming level. Changes in precipitation and near-surface wind speed are identified. The 1.5 °C of warming level shows significantly less change compared to the 2 °C level, indicating the importance of mitigation.
Aurore Voldoire, Bertrand Decharme, Joris Pianezze, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Florence Sevault, Léo Seyfried, Valérie Garnier, Soline Bielli, Sophie Valcke, Antoinette Alias, Mickael Accensi, Fabrice Ardhuin, Marie-Noëlle Bouin, Véronique Ducrocq, Stéphanie Faroux, Hervé Giordani, Fabien Léger, Patrick Marsaleix, Romain Rainaud, Jean-Luc Redelsperger, Evelyne Richard, and Sébastien Riette
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4207–4227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4207-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4207-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the principles of the new coupling interface based on the SURFEX multi-surface model and the OASIS3-MCT coupler. As SURFEX can be plugged into several atmospheric models, it can be used in a wide range of applications. The objective of this development is to build and share a common structure for the atmosphere–surface coupling of all these applications, involving on the one hand atmospheric models and on the other hand ocean, ice, hydrology, and wave models.
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Thomas Arsouze, Sidonie Révillon, Jonathan Beuvier, and Catherine Jeandel
Biogeosciences, 13, 5259–5276, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5259-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5259-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An extensive compilation of published neodymium (Nd) concentrations and isotopic compositions (Nd IC) was realized in order to establish a new database and a map (using a high-resolution geological map of the area) of the distribution of these parameters for all the Mediterranean margins. The use of a high-resolution regional oceanic model (1/12° of horizontal resolution) allows us to realistically simulate for the first time the Nd IC distribution in the Mediterranean Sea.
Jenny Pistoia, Nadia Pinardi, Paolo Oddo, Matthew Collins, Gerasimos Korres, and Yann Drillet
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1807–1819, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1807-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1807-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we developed a new multi-model super-ensemble method to estimate sea surface temperature, an important product of ocean analysis systems. We find that ensemble size, quality, type of members and the training period length are all important elements of the MMSE methodology and require careful calibration. We show that with a rather limited but overconfident data set (with a low bias of the starting ensemble members) the RMSE analysis can be improved.
Xueming Zhu, Hui Wang, Guimei Liu, Charly Régnier, Xiaodi Kuang, Dakui Wang, Shihe Ren, Zhiyou Jing, and Marie Drévillon
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1639–1655, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1639-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1639-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examined the performances of two operational ocean forecasting systems, Mercator Océan in France and SCSOFS in China, based on observed satellite and in situ data obtained in 2012. The comparison and validation are focused on the ocean circulations, the structures of temperature and salinity, and some mesoscale activities in the South China Sea. Finally, some recommendations have been proposed for both systems to improve their performances in the near future.
M. Mallet, F. Dulac, P. Formenti, P. Nabat, J. Sciare, G. Roberts, J. Pelon, G. Ancellet, D. Tanré, F. Parol, C. Denjean, G. Brogniez, A. di Sarra, L. Alados-Arboledas, J. Arndt, F. Auriol, L. Blarel, T. Bourrianne, P. Chazette, S. Chevaillier, M. Claeys, B. D'Anna, Y. Derimian, K. Desboeufs, T. Di Iorio, J.-F. Doussin, P. Durand, A. Féron, E. Freney, C. Gaimoz, P. Goloub, J. L. Gómez-Amo, M. J. Granados-Muñoz, N. Grand, E. Hamonou, I. Jankowiak, M. Jeannot, J.-F. Léon, M. Maillé, S. Mailler, D. Meloni, L. Menut, G. Momboisse, J. Nicolas, T. Podvin, V. Pont, G. Rea, J.-B. Renard, L. Roblou, K. Schepanski, A. Schwarzenboeck, K. Sellegri, M. Sicard, F. Solmon, S. Somot, B Torres, J. Totems, S. Triquet, N. Verdier, C. Verwaerde, F. Waquet, J. Wenger, and P. Zapf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 455–504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-455-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-455-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this article is to present an experimental campaign over the Mediterranean focused on aerosol-radiation measurements and modeling. Results indicate an important atmospheric loading associated with a moderate absorbing ability of mineral dust. Observations suggest a complex vertical structure and size distributions characterized by large aerosols within dust plumes. The radiative effect is highly variable, with negative forcing over the Mediterranean and positive over northern Africa.
A. Guyennon, M. Baklouti, F. Diaz, J. Palmieri, J. Beuvier, C. Lebaupin-Brossier, T. Arsouze, K. Béranger, J.-C. Dutay, and T. Moutin
Biogeosciences, 12, 7025–7046, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7025-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7025-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has already been identified as a potentially significant source of carbon export in the Mediterranean Sea, though in situ export estimations are scarce. This work provides a thorough analysis at basin scale of carbon export with the coupled model NEMO-MED12/Eco3M-MED model. The seasonality and the processes of particulate and dissolved carbon production are also investigated. DOC export appears to be dominant in most regions, especially in the eastern basin.
M. Ayache, J.-C. Dutay, P. Jean-Baptiste, K. Beranger, T. Arsouze, J. Beuvier, J. Palmieri, B. Le-vu, and W. Roether
Ocean Sci., 11, 323–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-323-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-323-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The anthropogenic tritium invasion, and its decay product helium-3, was simulated for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, using a high-resolution regional model (NEMO-MED12). The simulation covers the entire tritium (3H) transient generated by the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests performed in the 1950s and early 1960s and run until 2011. The model correctly simulates the main features of the thermohaline circulation in the Mediterranean Sea, with a realistic time compared to observations.
P. Nabat, S. Somot, M. Mallet, M. Michou, F. Sevault, F. Driouech, D. Meloni, A. di Sarra, C. Di Biagio, P. Formenti, M. Sicard, J.-F. Léon, and M.-N. Bouin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3303–3326, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3303-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3303-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses an original approach based on a coupled regional aerosol--atmosphere--ocean model to study the dust radiative effects over the Mediterranean in summer 2012. After an evaluation of the prognostic aerosol scheme, the dust aerosol daily variability is shown to improve the simulated surface radiation and temperature at the daily scale. It has also a significant impact on the summer average, thus highlighting the importance of a relevant representation of aerosols in climate models.
J. Palmiéri, J. C. Orr, J.-C. Dutay, K. Béranger, A. Schneider, J. Beuvier, and S. Somot
Biogeosciences, 12, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-781-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-781-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Different observational-based estimates of CO2 uptake and resulting
acidification of the Mediterranean Sea vary widely. A new study finds
that even the smallest of those are an upper limit because the approach
used assumes air-sea CO2 equilibrium. Then with a lower limit from new
fine-scale numerical model simulations, the authors bracket
Mediterranean Sea CO2 uptake and acidification rates. They conclude that
its rate of surface acidifcation is much like that for typical ocean
waters.
Y. Drillet, J. M. Lellouche, B. Levier, M. Drévillon, O. Le Galloudec, G. Reffray, C. Regnier, E. Greiner, and M. Clavier
Ocean Sci., 10, 1013–1029, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-1013-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-1013-2014, 2014
Y. Tramblay, D. Ruelland, S. Somot, R. Bouaicha, and E. Servat
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3721–3739, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3721-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3721-2013, 2013
C. Maraldi, J. Chanut, B. Levier, N. Ayoub, P. De Mey, G. Reffray, F. Lyard, S. Cailleau, M. Drévillon, E. A. Fanjul, M. G. Sotillo, P. Marsaleix, and the Mercator Research and Development Team
Ocean Sci., 9, 745–771, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-745-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-745-2013, 2013
P. Nabat, S. Somot, M. Mallet, I. Chiapello, J. J. Morcrette, F. Solmon, S. Szopa, F. Dulac, W. Collins, S. Ghan, L. W. Horowitz, J. F. Lamarque, Y. H. Lee, V. Naik, T. Nagashima, D. Shindell, and R. Skeie
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1287–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1287-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1287-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Approach: Data Assimilation | Depth range: All Depths | Geographical range: Mediterranean Sea | Phenomena: Temperature, Salinity and Density Fields
Upscaling of a local model into a larger-scale model
Dense CTD survey versus glider fleet sampling: comparing data assimilation performance in a regional ocean model west of Sardinia
A hybrid variational-ensemble data assimilation scheme with systematic error correction for limited-area ocean models
Luc Vandenbulcke and Alexander Barth
Ocean Sci., 15, 291–305, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-291-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-291-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In operational oceanography, regional and local models use large-scale models (such as those run by CMEMS) for their initial and/or boundary conditions, but unfortunately there is no feedback that improves the large-scale models. The present study aims at replacing normal two-way nesting by a data assimilation technique. This
upscalingmethod is tried out in the north-western Mediterranean Sea using the NEMO model and shows that the basin-scale model does indeed benefit from the nested model.
Jaime Hernandez-Lasheras and Baptiste Mourre
Ocean Sci., 14, 1069–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1069-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1069-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Different sampling strategies have been assessed in order to evaluate the most efficient configuration for the assimilation of high resolution measurements into a regional ocean model. The results show the capability of the model to ingest both large scale and high resolution observations and the improvement of the forecast fields. In particular, the configurations using eight gliders and the one assimilating CTDs show similar results and the give the best performance among all the simulations
Paolo Oddo, Andrea Storto, Srdjan Dobricic, Aniello Russo, Craig Lewis, Reiner Onken, and Emanuel Coelho
Ocean Sci., 12, 1137–1153, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1137-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1137-2016, 2016
Cited articles
Adani, M., Dobricic, S., and Pinardi, N.: Quality assessment of a 1985–2007 Mediterranean Sea reanalysis, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 28, 569–589, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECHO798.1, 2011.
Auger, P. A., Ulses, C., Estournel, C., Stemman, L., Somot, S., and Diaz, F.: Interannual control of plankton ecosystem in a deep convection area as inferred from a 30-year 3D modeling study: winter mixing and prey/predator in the NW Mediterranean, Prog. Oceanogr., 12–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.004, 2014.
Ayoub, N., Le Traon, P.-Y., and De Mey, P.: A description of the Mediterranean surface variable circulation from combined ers-1 and topex/poseidon altimetric data, J. Marine Syst., 18, 3–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(98)80004-3, 1998.
Balmaseda, M. A., Trenberth, K. E., and Källén, E.: Distinctive climate signals in reanalysis of global ocean heat content, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1754–1759, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50382, 2013.
Barnier, B., Siefridt, L., and Marchesiello, P.: Thermal forcing for a global ocean circulation model using a three-year climatology of ECMWF analyses. J. Marine Syst., 6, 363–380, 1995.
Béranger, K., Mortier, L., and Crépon, M.: Seasonal variability of water transport through the Straits of Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica, derived from a high-resolution model of the Mediterranean circulation, Prog. Oceanogr., 66, 341–364, 2005.
Béranger, K., Drillet, Y., Houssais, M.-N., Testor, P., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Alhammoud, B., Bozec, A., Mortier, L., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., and Crépon, M.: Impact of the spatial distribution of the atmospheric forcing on water mass formation in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C12041, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005648, 2010.
Beuvier, J., Sevault, F., Herrmann, M., Kontoyiannis, H., Ludwig, W., Rixen, M., Stanev, E., Béranger, K., and Somot, S.: Modeling the Mediterranean Sea interannual variability during 1961–2000: focus on the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C08017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005950, 2010.
Beuvier, J., Béranger K., Lebeaupin-Brossier, C., Somot, S., Sevault, F., Drillet, Y., Bourdalle-Badie, R., Ferry, N., and Lyard, F.: Spreading of the Western Mediterranean Deep Water after winter 2005: time scales and deep cyclone transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C07022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007679, 2012a.
Beuvier, J., Lebeaupin-Brossier, C., Béranger, K., Arsouze, T., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Deltel, C., Drillet, Y., Drobinski, P., Ferry, N., Lyard, F., Sevault, F., and Somot, S.: MED12, oceanic component for the modeling of the regional Mediterranean Earth System, Mercator Ocean Quaterly Newsletter, 46, 60–66, 2012b.
Cabanes, C., Grouazel, A., von Schuckmann, K., Hamon, M., Turpin, V., Coatanoan, C., Paris, F., Guinehut, S., Boone, C., Ferry, N., de Boyer Montégut, C., Carval, T., Reverdin, G., Pouliquen, S., and Le Traon, P.-Y.: The CORA dataset: validation and diagnostics of in-situ ocean temperature and salinity measurements, Ocean Sci., 9, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-1-2013, 2013.
Casella, E., Molcard, A., and Provenzale, A.: Mesoscale vortices in the Ligurian Sea and their effect on coastal upwelling processes, J. Marine Syst., 88, 12–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.02.019, 2011.
Ciappa, A. C.: Surface circulation patterns in the Sicily Channel and Ionian Sea as revealed by MODIS chlorophyll images from 2003 to 2007, Cont. Shelf Res., 29, 2099–2109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.08.002, 2009.
Colin, J., Déqué, M., Radu, R., and Somot, S.: Sensitivity study of heavy precipitation in Limited Area Model climate simulations: influence of the size of the domain and the use of the spectral nudging technique, Tellus A, 62, 591–604, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00467.x, 2010.
Crosnier, L. and Le Provost, C.: Inter-comparing five forecast operational systems in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean basins: the MERSEA-strand1 methodology, J. Marine Syst., 65, 354–375, 2007.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F. : The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Drobinski, P., Ducrocq, V., Alpert, P., Anagnostou, E., Béranger K., Borga, M., Braud, I., Chanzy, A., Davolio, S., Delrieu, G., Estournel, C., Filali Boubrahmi, N., Font, J., Grubisic, V., Gualdi, S., Homar, V., Ivancan-Picek, B., Kottmeier, C., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Lionello, P., LIasat, M. C., Ludwig, W., Lutoff, C., Mariotti, A., Richard, E., Romero, R., Rotunno, R., Roussot, O., Ruin, I., Somot, S., Taupier-Letage, I., Tintoré J., Uijlenhoet, R., and Wernli, H.: HyMeX, a 10-year multidisciplinary program on the Mediterranean water cycle, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1063-1082, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00242.1, 2013.
Dubois, C., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Braun, A., and Somot, S.: A gathering of observed air-sea surface fluxes over the Mediterranean Sea, Note de centre no 113, Groupe de Météorologie de Grande Echelle et Climat, CNRM, August 2010.
Dufau-Julliand, C., Marsaleix, P., Petrenko, A., and Dekeyser, I.: Three-dimensional modeling of the Gulf of Lion's hydrodynamics (northwest Mediterranean) during January 1999 (MOOGLI3 Experiment) and late winter 1999: Western Mediterranean Intermediate Water's (WIW's) formation and its cascading over the shelf break, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C11002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002019, 2004.
Durrieu de Madron, X., Hupert, L., Puig, P., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Testor, P., Bosse, A., Estournel, C., Somot, S., Bourrin, F., Bouin, M. N., Beauverger, M., Beguery, L., Calafat, A., Canals, M., Cassou, C., Coppola, L., Dausse, D., D'Ortenzio, F., Font, J., Heussner, S., Kunesch, S., Lefevre, D., Le Goff, H., Martin, J., Mortier, L., Palanques, A., and Raimbault, P.: Interaction of dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection in the northwestern Mediterranean during winter 2012, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1379–1385, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50331, 2013.
Elguindi, N., Somot, S., Déqué, M., and Ludwig, W.: Climate change evolution of the hydrological balance of the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas: impact of climate model resolution, Clim. Dyn., 36, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0715-4, 2011.
Estournel, C., Durrieu de Madron, X., Marsaleix, P., Auclair, F., Julliand, C., and Vehil, R.: Observation and modeling of the winter coastal oceanic circulation in the Gulf of Lion under wind conditions influenced by the continental orography (FETCH experiment), J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8059, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000825, 2003.
Estournel, C., Auclair, F., Lux, M., Nguyen, C., and Marsaleix, P.: “Scale oriented” embedded modeling of the North-Western Mediterranean in the frame of MFSTEP, Ocean Sci., 5, 73–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-73-2009, 2009.
Fernandez, V., Dietrich, D. E., Haney, R. L., and Tintore, J.: Mesoscale, seasonal and interannual variability in the Mediterranean Sea using a numerical ocean model, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 321–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.07.010, 2005.
Giorgi, F.: Climate change hot-spots, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025734, 2006.
Hamad, N., Millot, C., and Taupier-Letage, I.: A new hypothesis about the surface circulation in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 66, 287–298, 2005.
Harzallah, A., Alioua, M., and Li, L.: Mass exchange at the Strait of Gibraltar in response to tidal and lower frequency forcing as simulated by a Mediterranean Sea model, Tellus A, 66, 23871, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v66.23871, 2014.
Herrmann, M. J. and Somot, S.: Relevance of ERA40 dynamical downscaling for modeling deep convection in the Mediterranean Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032442, 2008.
Herrmann, M., Sevault, F., Beuvier, J., and Somot, S.: What induced the exceptional 2005 convection event in the northwestern Mediterranean basin? Answers from a modeling study, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C12051, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006162, 2010.
Herrmann, M., Somot, S., Calmanti, S., Dubois, C., and Sevault, F.: Representation of spatial and temporal variability of daily wind speed and of intense wind events over the Mediterranean Sea using dynamical downscaling: impact of the regional climate model configuration, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1983–2001, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1983-2011, 2011.
Ingleby, B. and Huddleston, M.: Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles – historical and real-time data, J. Marine Syst., 65, 158–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.11.019, 2007.
Jordà, G. and Gomis, D.: On the interpretation of the steric and mass components of sea level variability: The case of the Mediterranean basin, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 2, 953–963, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20060, 2013.
Josey, S. A., Somot, S., and Tsimplis, M.: Impacts of atmospheric modes of variability on Mediterranean Sea surface heat exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C02032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006685, 2011.
Langlais, C., Barnier, B., Molines, J. M., Fraunié, P., Jacob, D., and Kotlarski, S.: Evaluation of a dynamically downscaled atmospheric reanalyse in the prospect of forcing long term simulations of the ocean circulation in the Gulf of Lions, Ocean Model., 30, 270–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.07.004, 2009.
Llasses, J, Jordà, G., and Gomis, D.: Skills of different hydrographic networks in capturing changes in the Mediterranean Sea at climate scales, Clim. Res., 63, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01270, 2015.
Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Béranger, K., Deltel, C., and Drobinski, P.: The Mediterranean response to different space–time resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations, Ocean Model., 36, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.10.008, 2011.
Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Béranger, K., and Drobinski, P.: Sensitivity of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea coastal and thermohaline circulations simulated by the 1∕12°-resolution ocean model NEMO-MED12 to the spatial and temporal resolution of atmospheric forcing, Ocean Model., 43–44, 94–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.12.007, 2012.
Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Arsouze, T., Béranger, K., Bouin, M.-N., Bresson, E., Ducrocq, V., Giordani, H., Nureta, M., Rainaud, R., and Taupier-Letage, I.: Ocean mixed layer responses to intense meteorological events during HyMeX-SOP1 from a high-resolution ocean simulation, Ocean Model., 84, 84–103, 2014.
Lellouche, J.-M., Le Galloudec, O., Drévillon, M., Régnier, C., Greiner, E., Garric, G., Ferry, N., Desportes, C., Testut, C.-E., Bricaud, C., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Tranchant, B., Benkiran, M., Drillet, Y., Daudin, A., and De Nicola, C.: Evaluation of global monitoring and forecasting systems at Mercator Océan, Ocean Sci., 9, 57–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-57-2013, 2013.
L'Hévéder, B., Li, L., Sevault, F., and Somot, S.: Interannual variability of deep convection in the Northwestern Mediterranean simulated with a coupled AORCM, Clim. Dynam., 41, 937–960, 2013.
Louis, J.-F.: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 17, 187–202, 1979.
Ludwig, W., Dumont, E., Meybeck, M., and Heussner, S.: River discharges of water and nutrients to the Mediterranean and Black Sea: major drivers for ecosystem changes during past and future decades?, Prog. Oceanogr., 80, 199–217, 2009.
Lyard, F., Lefevre, F., Letellier, T., and Francis, O.: Modelling the global ocean tides: modern insights from FES2004, Ocean Dynam., 56, 394–415, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0086-x, 2006.
Macdonald, A. M., Candela, J., and Bryden, H. L.: An estimate of the net heat transport through the Strait of Gibraltar, in: Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Coastal Estuarine Stud., vol. 46, AGU, Washingtion, DC, USA, 13–32, 1994.
Madec, G. and The-NEMO-Team: NEMO, Technical report (IPSL), France, 2008.
Madec, G., Delecluse, P., Imbard, M., and Levy, C.: OPA, release 8, Ocean general circulation reference manual, Technical Report 96/xx, LODYC/IPSL, France, 1997.
Mariotti, A., Zeng, N., Yoon, J., Artale, V., Navarra, A., Alpert, P., and Li, L.: Mediterranean water cycle changes: transition to drier 21st century conditions in observations and CMIP3 simulations, Environ. Res. Lett., 3, 044001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/044001, 2008.
Marullo, S., Napolitano, E., Santoleri, R., Manca, B., and Evans, R.: Variability of Rhodes and Ierapetra Gyres during Levantine Intermediate Water Experiment: observations and model results, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8119, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001393, 2003.
MEDAR/MEDATLAS Group: MEDAR Group MEDATLAS/2002 database, Mediterranean and Black Sea database of temperature salinity and bio-chemical parameters, available at: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/information_and_inventories/edmed/report/4651/, 2002.
Nabat, P., Somot, S., Mallet, M., Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., and Wild, M.: Contribution of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to the changing Euro-Mediterranean climate since 1980, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 5605–5611, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060798, 2014.
Ourmières, Y., Zakardjian, B., Béranger, K., and Langlais, C.: Assessment of a NEMO-based downscaling experiment for the North-Western Mediterranean region: impacts on the Northern Current and comparison with ADCP data and altimetry products, Ocean Model., 39, 386–404, 2011.
Palmiéri, J., Orr, J. C., Dutay, J.-C., Béranger, K., Schneider, A., Beuvier, J., and Somot, S.: Simulated anthropogenic CO2 storage and acidification of the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 12, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-781-2015, 2015.
Papadopoulos, V. P., Josey, S. A., Bartzokas, A., Somot, S., Ruiz, S., and Drakopoulou, P.: Large-scale atmospheric circulation favoring deep- and intermediate-water formation in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Climate, 25, 6079–6091, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00657.1, 2012.
Pascual, A., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Larnicol, G., Emelianov, M., and Gomis, D.: A case of an intense anticyclonic eddy in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean), J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3183, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000913, 2002.
Peltier, W. R. and Drummond, R.: Rheological stratification of the lithosphere: a direct inference based upon the geodetically observed pattern of the glacial isostatic adjustment of the North American continent, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L16314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034586, 2008.
Pettenuzzo, D., Large, W. G., and Pinardi, N.: On the corrections of ERA-40 surface flux products consistent with the Mediterranean heat and water budgets and the connection between basin surface total heat flux and NAO, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C06022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005631, 2010.
Pinardi, N., Zavatarelli, M., Adani, M., Coppini, G., Fratianni, C., Oddo, P., Simoncelli, S., Tonani, M., Lyubartsev, V., Dobricic, S., and Bonaduce, A.: Mediterranean Sea large-scale low-frequency ocean variability and water mass formation rates from 1987 to 2007: a retrospective analysis, Prog. Oceanogr., 132, 318–332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.11.003, 2013.
Radu, R., Déqué, M., and Somot, S.: Spectral nudging in a spectral regional climate model, Tellus A, 60, 898–910, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00341.x, 2008.
Reynolds, R. W., Smith, T. M., Liu, C., Chelton, D. B., Casey, K. S., and Schlax, M. G.: Daily high-resolution blended analyses for sea surface temperature, J. Climate, 20, 5473–5496, 2007.
Rio, M. H., Guinehut, S., and Larnicol, G.: New CNES-CLS09 global mean dynamic topography computed from the combination of GRACE data, altimetry, and in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C07018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006505, 2011.
Rixen, M., Beckers, J.-M., Levitus, S., Antonov, J., Boyer, T., Maillard, C., Fichaut, M., Balopoulos, E., Iona, S., Dooley, H., Garcia, M.-J., Manca, B., Giorgetti, A., Manzella, G., Mikhailov, N., Pinardi, N., and Zavatarelli, M.: The Western Mediterranean Deep Water: a proxy for climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022702, 2005.
Robinson, A. R., Hecht, A., Pinardi, N., Bishop, J., Leslie, W. G., Rosentroub, Z., Mariano, A. J., and Brenner, S.: Small synoptic/mesoscale eddies and energetic variability of the eastern levantine basin, Nature, 327, 131–134, https://doi.org/10.1038/327131a0, 1987.
Robinson, A. R., Leslie, W. G., Theocharis, A., and Laskaratos, A.: Mediterranean Sea circulation, in: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, edited by: Steele, J. H., Thorpe, S. A., and Turekian, K. K., Academic Press, 1689–1706, 2001.
Roether, W., Klein, B., Manca, B. B., Theocharis, A., Kioroglou, S.: Transient Eastern Mediterranean deep waters in response to the massive dense-water output of the Aegean Sea in the 1990s, Prog. Oceanogr., 74, 540–571, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.03.001, 2007.
Rubio, A., Barnier, B., Jordà, G., Espino, M., and Marsaleix, P.: Origin and dynamics of mesoscale eddies in the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean): insight from a numerical model study, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C06009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004245, 2009.
Ruti, P., Marullo, S., D'Ortenzio, F., and Tremant, M.: Comparison of analyzed and measured wind speeds in the perspective of oceanic simulations over the Mediterranean basin: analyses, QuikSCAT and buoy data, J. Marine Syst., 70, 33–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.02.026, 2007.
Ruti, P. M., Somot, S., Giorgi, F., Dubois, C., Flaounas, E., Obermann, A., Dell'Aquila, A., Pisacane, G., Harzallah, A., Lombardi, E., Ahrens, B., Akhtar, N., Alias, A., Arsouze, T., Aznar, R., Bastin, S., Bartholy, J., Béranger, K., Beuvier, J., Bouffies-Cloché, S., Brauch, J., Cabos, W., Calmanti, S., Calvet, J.-C., Carillo, A., Conte, D., Coppola, E., Djurdjevic, V., Drobinski, P., Elizalde-Arellano, A., Gaertner, M., Galàn, P., Gallardo, C., Gualdi, S., Goncalves, M., Jorba, O., Jordà, G., L'Heveder, B., Lebeaupin-Brossier, C., Li, L., Liguori, G., Lionello, P., Maciàs, D., Nabat, P., Onol, B., Raikovic, B., Ramage, K., Sevault, F., Sannino, G., Struglia, M. V., Sanna, A., Torma, C., and Vervatis, V.: MED-CORDEX initiative for Mediterranean Climate studies, BAMS, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00176.1, 2015.
Sanchez-Gomez, E., Somot, S., Josey, S. A., Dubois, C., Elguindi, N., and Déqué, M.: Evaluation of Mediterranean Sea water and heat budgets simulated by an ensemble of high resolution regional climate models, Clim. Dynam., 37, 2067–2086, 2011.
Schroeder, K., Ribotti, A., Borghini, M., Sorgente, R., Perilli, A., and Gasparini, G. P.: An extensive western Mediterranean deep water renewal between 2004 and 2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L18605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035146, 2008.
Sevault, F., Somot, S., Alias, A., Dubois, C., Lebeaupin-Brossier, C., Nabat, P., Adloff, F., Déqué, M., and Decharme, B.: A fully coupled Mediterranean regional climate system model: design and evaluation of the ocean component for the 1980–2012 period, Tellus A, 66, 23967, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v66.23967, 2014.
Solé, J., Ruiz, S., Pascual, A., Somot, S., and Tintoré, J.: Ocean color response to wind forcing in the Alboran Sea: a new forecasting method, J. Mar. Syst., 98–99, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.02.007, 2012.
Somot, S., Sevault, F., and Deque, M.: Transient climate change scenario simulation of the Mediterranean Sea for the twenty-first century using a high-resolution ocean circulation model, Clim. Dynam., 27, 851–879, 2006.
Sorgente, R., Olita, A., Oddo, P., Fazioli, L., and Ribotti, A.: Numerical simulation and decomposition of kinetic energy in the Central Mediterranean: insight on mesoscale circulation and energy conversion, Ocean Sci., 7, 503–519, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-503-2011, 2011.
Sotillo, M. G., Ratsimandresy, A. W., Carretero, J. C., Bentamy, A., Valero, F., and Gonzalez-Rouco, F.: A high-resolution 44-year atmospheric hindcast for the Mediterranean Basin: contribution to the regional improvement of global reanalysis, Clim. Dynam., 25, 219–236, 2005.
Soto-Navarro, J., Criado-Aldeanueva, F., Garcia-Lafuente, J., and Sanchez-Roman, A.: Estimation of the Atlantic inflow through the Strait of Gibraltar from climatological and in situ data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006302, 2010.
Soto-Navarro, J., Somot, S., Sevault, F., Beuvier, J., Criado-Aldeanueva, F., Garcia-Lafuente, J., and Béranger, K.: Evaluation of regional ocean circulation models for the Mediterranean Sea at the Strait of Gibraltar: volume transport and thermohaline properties of the outflow, Clim. Dynam., 44, 1277–1292, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2179-4, 2014.
Stanev, E. V. and Peneva, E. L.: Regional sea level response to global climatic change: Black Sea examples, Global Planet. Changes, 32, 33–47, 2002.
Struglia, M. V., Mariotti, A., and Filograsso, A.: River discharge into the Mediterranean Sea: climatology and aspects of the observed variability, J. Climate, 17, 4740–4751, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-3225.1, 2004.
Tonani, M., Pinardi, N., Dobricic, S., Pujol, I., and Fratianni, C.: A high-resolution free-surface model of the Mediterranean Sea, Ocean Sci., 4, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-4-1-2008, 2008.
Vervatis, V. D., Sofianos, S. S., Skliris, N., Somot, S., Lascaratos, A., and Rixen, M.: Mechanisms controlling the thermohaline circulation pattern variability in the Aegean-Levantine region, A hindcast simulation (1960–2000) with an eddy resolving model, Deep-Sea Research Part I, 74, 82–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.12.011, 2013.
Vrac, M., Drobinski, P., Merlo, A., Herrmann, M., Lavaysse, C., Li, L., and Somot, S.: Dynamical and statistical downscaling of the French Mediterranean climate: uncertainty assessment, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2769–2784, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2769-2012, 2012.
Wüst, G.: On the vertical circulation of the Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 3261–3271, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ066i010p03261, 1961.
Short summary
The paper describes MEDRYS, a MEDiterranean sea ReanalYsiS at high resolution for the period 1992–2013. The NEMOMED12 ocean model is forced at the surface by a new high resolution atmospheric forcing dataset (ALDERA). Altimeter data, satellite SST and temperature and salinity vertical profiles are jointly assimilated. The ability of the reanalysis to represent the sea surface high-frequency variability, water mass characteristics and transports through the Strait of Gibraltar is shown.
The paper describes MEDRYS, a MEDiterranean sea ReanalYsiS at high resolution for the period...
