Articles | Volume 12, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-369-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-369-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Mar 2016
Research article |
| 07 Mar 2016
Indian Ocean Dipole modulated wave climate of eastern Arabian Sea
T. R. Anoop
Ocean Engineering Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Dona Paula, Goa 403 004,
India
V. Sanil Kumar
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Ocean Engineering Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Dona Paula, Goa 403 004,
India
P. R. Shanas
Ocean Engineering Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Dona Paula, Goa 403 004,
India
Marine physics department, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
J. Glejin
Ocean Engineering Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Dona Paula, Goa 403 004,
India
M. M. Amrutha
Ocean Engineering Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Dona Paula, Goa 403 004,
India
Related authors
V. Sanil Kumar and T. R. Anoop
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1817–1827, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1817-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1817-2013, 2013
M. M. Amrutha and V. Sanil Kumar
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-84, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-84, 2017
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
Surface wind-waves properties during Indian summer monsoon is investigated based on measured data at 9-15 m water depth at 4 sites in nearshore waters of the eastern Arabian Sea. Significant wave height varied from 0.7 to 5.5 m with average ratio of crest height of wave to height of the same wave as 0.58 to 0.67. Extreme crest height is 1.23 to 1.35 times significant wave height. Measured waves were predominantly swell. Numerical wave model could estimate the wave height well during wave growth.
T. Muhammed Naseef and V. Sanil Kumar
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1763–1778, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1763-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1763-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Assessment of design waves is performed using generalized extreme value (GEV) and generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) based on buoy data for 8 years and ERA-Interim reanalysis data for 38 years. The initial distribution method underestimates return levels compared to GPD. Intercomparison of return levels by block maxima and r-largest method for GEV theory shows that return level for 100 years is 7.24 m by r-largest series. A single storm can cause a large difference in the 100-year Hs value.
M. M. Amrutha and V. Sanil Kumar
Ocean Sci., 13, 703–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-703-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-703-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Waves measured at 12 m in the near-shore waters of the Gulf of Mannar for a 1-year period are used to examine the predominance of wind seas and swells through spectral characterization. The waves of the study region are under the control of sea breeze, with the maximum in the late evening and the minimum in the early morning. A total of 53 % of the surface height variance in the study area results from swells from the southeast and south; the remainder are wind seas from the east and southeast.
M. Anjali Nair and V. Sanil Kumar
Ocean Sci., 13, 365–378, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-365-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-365-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The information on wave spectral shapes that is required for designing marine structures is presented based on wave data collected from January 2011 to December 2015 in the coastal waters of the eastern Arabian Sea. The variations in the high-frequency tail of the wave spectrum in different months are presented. The slope of the high-frequency tail of the monthly average wave spectra is high during the Indian summer monsoon period (June–September) compared to other months.
M. M. Amrutha and V. Sanil Kumar
Ann. Geophys., 34, 1197–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1197-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1197-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines variation in wave power off the central west coast of India at water depths 30, 9 and 5 m based on buoy measured data. The study shows a significant reduction (~ 10–27 %) in wave power at 9 m depth compared to 30 m and the power at 5 m depth is 20–23 % less than that at 9 m. At 9 m water depth, the mean annual wave power is 6 kW m−1 and interannual variations up to 19.3 % are observed during 2009–2014; 75 % of the total annual wave energy is from this narrow directional sector.
V. Sanil Kumar and Jesbin George
Ann. Geophys., 34, 871–885, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-871-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-871-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Influence of monsoon variability on the surface waves using measured data covering 7 years and reanalysis data from 1979 to 2015 during the Indian summer monsoon in the eastern Arabian Sea is examined. A high positive correlation (r ~ 0.84) between average low-level jet for the block 0–15° N, 50–75° E and wave height of eastern Arabian Sea is observed in all months except August. The monsoon seasonal average wave height is found to be relatively low during the strong El Niño years.
M. M. Amrutha, V. Sanil Kumar, and J. Singh
Ann. Geophys., 34, 215–226, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-215-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-215-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The nearshore wave characteristics are presented during the active sea/land breeze period based on data measured at 5 m and 15 m water depth in the eastern Arabian Sea. Prior to the sea breeze, the wave field is dominated by swell and during the sea breeze, wind-sea dominates with superimposed swell. Reduction in the wave height of wind-sea is around 20 % and that of the swell is around 10 % from 15 m to 5 m water depth.
V. Sanil Kumar and M. Anjali Nair
Ann. Geophys., 33, 159–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-159-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-159-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Inter-annual variations in wave spectrum are examined at 9m water depth from 2009 to 2012 based on measured data. Variations in the wave spectrum are observed inter-annually from January to February, May and October to November due to the changes in wind sea. Average wave spectrum during the monsoon is single peaked; during non-monsoon period, two peaks are observed. Due to sea breeze an increase in spectral energy of the wind-sea part is observed between 15 and 18 UTC from February to April.
M. M. Amrutha, V. Sanil Kumar, T. R. Anoop, T. M. Balakrishnan Nair, A. Nherakkol, and C. Jeyakumar
Ann. Geophys., 32, 1073–1083, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1073-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1073-2014, 2014
P. R. Shanas and V. Sanil Kumar
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1371–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1371-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1371-2014, 2014
V. Sanil Kumar and T. R. Anoop
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1817–1827, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1817-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1817-2013, 2013
J. Glejin, V. Sanil Kumar, T. M. Balakrishnan Nair, and J. Singh
Ocean Sci., 9, 343–353, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-343-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-343-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Depth range: Surface | Approach: In situ Observations | Geographical range: Shelf Seas | Phenomena: Surface Waves
A surface kinematics buoy (SKIB) for wave–current interaction studies
Wave spectral shapes in the coastal waters based on measured data off Karwar on the western coast of India
Continuous seiche in bays and harbors
Water level oscillations in Monterey Bay and Harbor
Pedro Veras Guimarães, Fabrice Ardhuin, Peter Sutherland, Mickael Accensi, Michel Hamon, Yves Pérignon, Jim Thomson, Alvise Benetazzo, and Pierre Ferrant
Ocean Sci., 14, 1449–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1449-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1449-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a new design of drifting buoy. The "surface kinematics buoy'' (SKIB) is particularly optimized for measuring wave–current interactions, including relatively short wave components, from 0.09 to 1 Hz, that are important for air–sea interactions and remote-sensing applications. The capability of this instrument is compared to other sensors, and the ability to measure current-induced wave variations is illustrated with data acquired in a macro-tidal coastal environment.
M. Anjali Nair and V. Sanil Kumar
Ocean Sci., 13, 365–378, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-365-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-365-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The information on wave spectral shapes that is required for designing marine structures is presented based on wave data collected from January 2011 to December 2015 in the coastal waters of the eastern Arabian Sea. The variations in the high-frequency tail of the wave spectrum in different months are presented. The slope of the high-frequency tail of the monthly average wave spectra is high during the Indian summer monsoon period (June–September) compared to other months.
Joseph Park, Jamie MacMahan, William V. Sweet, and Kevin Kotun
Ocean Sci., 12, 355–368, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-355-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-355-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Bays and harbors naturally resonate with standing waves, known as seiches. Seiches are usually considered temporary, however, we identify small-amplitude, continuously present seiches in six bays around the Pacific and suggest that tidally forced, continental shelf resonances are a primary driver of continuous seiches.
J. Park, W. V. Sweet, and R. Heitsenrether
Ocean Sci., 11, 439–453, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-439-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-439-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Seiches in coastal bays can produce significant water level oscillations that impact maritime operations and introduce ecological stress. Monterey Bay, California, is found to have wave-driven short-period oscillations that can reinforce themselves, resulting in water level amplification. At longer periods the oscillations are not wave-driven and several potential forcing mechanisms are examined. A gyre offshore the bay is suggested as the driver, while other potential drivers are discounted.
Cited articles
Aboobacker, V. M., Rashmi, R., Vethamony, P., and Menon, H. B.: On the
dominance of pre-existing swells over wind seas along the west coast of
India, Cont. Shelf Res., 31, 1701–1712, 2011.
Amante, C. and Eakins, B. W.: ETOPO1 1 arc-minute global relief model:
procedures, data sources and analysis, NOAA Tech. Memo., NESDIS NGDC-24,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 19 pp., 2009.
Amrutha, M. M., Sanil Kumar, V., and Singh, J.: Changes in nearshore waves
during the active sea/land breeze period off Vengurla, central west coast of
India, Ann. Geophys., 34, 215–226, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-215-2016, 2016.
Anoop, T. R., Kumar, V. S., Shanas, P. R., and Johnson, G.: Surface wave
climatology and its variability in the North Indian Ocean based on
ERA-Interim reanalysis, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 32,
1372–1385, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00212.1, 2015.
Aparna, S. G., McCreary, J. P., Shankar, D., and Vinayachandran, P. N.:
Signatures of Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño–Southern Oscillation
events in sea level variations in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 117, C10012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008055, 2012.
Ardhuin, F., Chapron, B., and Collard, F.: Observation of swell dissipation
across oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L06607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037030,
2009.
Baquero-Bernal, A., Latif, M., and Legutke S.: On dipole like variability of
sea surface temperature in the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Climate, 15,
1358–1368, 2002.
Booij, N., Ris, R. C., and Holthuijsen L. H.: A third-generation wave model
for coastal regions: 1. Model description and validation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 7649–7666, 1999.
Bunney, C.: A high resolution SWAN model assessment: North Norfolk to
Humber, Forecasting Research Technical Report 557, Met Office, Devon, UK, 2011.
Chempalayil, S. P., Sanil Kumar, V., Johnson, G., Udhaba, D. G., and
Vinayaraj, P.: Interannual and seasonal variations in nearshore wave
characteristics off Honnavar, west coast of India, Curr. Sci. India, 103,
286–292, 2012.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P.,
Kobayashi, S., and Vitart F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration
and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 137, 553–597, 2011.
Endo, S. and Tozuka, T.: Two flavors of Indian Ocean Dipole, Clim. Dynam.,
1–15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2773-0, 2015.
Grachev, A. A. and Fairall, C. W.: Upward momentum transfer in the marine
boundary layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1698–1711, 2001.
Hanley, K. E. and Belcher, S. E.: Wave-driven wind jets in the marine
atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2646–2660, 2008.
Hanley, K. E., Belcher, S. E., and Sullivan, P. P.: A global climatology of
wind-wave interaction, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 1263–1282, 2010.
Glejin, J., Sanil Kumar, V., Sajiv, P. C., Singh, J., Pednekar, P., Kumar,
K. A., Dora, G. U., and Gowthaman, R.: Variations in swells along eastern
Arabian Sea during the summer monsoon, Open Journal of Marine Science, 2, 43–50,
2012.
Glejin, J., Sanil Kumar, V., Balakrishnan Nair, T. M., and Singh, J.:
Influence of winds on temporally varying short and long period gravity waves
in the near shore regions of the eastern Arabian Sea, Ocean Sci., 9,
343–353, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-343-2013, 2013a.
Glejin, J., Sanil Kumar, V., Nair, T. M. B., Singh, J., and Mehra P.:
Observational Evidence of Summer Shamal Swells along the West Coast of
India, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 379–388, 2013b.
Glejin, J., Sanil Kumar, V., and Nair, T. M. B.: Monsoon and cyclone induced
wave climate over the near shore waters off Puduchery, south western Bay of
Bengal, Ocean Eng., 72, 277–286, 2013c.
Hasselmann, K., Barnett, T. P., Bouws, E., Carlson, H., Cartwright, D. E.,
Enke, K., Ewing, J. A., Gienapp, H., Hasselmann, D. E., Kruseman, P.,
Meerburg, A., Müller, P., Olbers, D. J., Richter, K.,
Sell, W., and Walden, H.: Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay
during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP), Deutsche Hydrographische
Zeitschrift, Supplement A., 8, 95 pp., 1973.
Hastenrath, S. and Polzin, D.: Dynamics of the surface wind field over the
equatorial Indian Ocean, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 503–517,
2004.
Komen, G., Hasselmann, S., and Hasselmann, K.: On the existence of a fully
developed wind-sea spectrum, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1271–1285, 1984.
Kumar, B. P., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M., Murty, V. S. N., and McPhaden, M.
J.: TropFlux: air-sea fluxes for the global tropical oceans-description and
evaluation, Clim. Dynam., 38, 1521–1543, 2012.
Kumar, B. P., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M., Murty, V. S. N., McPhaden, M. J.,
Cronin, M. F., Pinsard, F., and Reddy, K. G.: TropFlux wind stresses over the
tropical oceans: evaluation and comparison with other products, Clim. Dynam.,
40, 2049–2071, 2013.
Murtugudde, R., McCreary, J. P., and Busalacchi A. J.: Oceanic processes
associated with anomalous events in the Indian Ocean with relevance to
1997–1998, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 105, 3295–3306, 2000.
Neetu, S., Shetye, S. R., and Chandramohan, P.: Impact of sea breeze on
wind-seas off Goa, west coast of India, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 115, 229–234,
2006.
Premkumar, K., Ravichandran, M., Kalsi, S. R., Sengupta, D., and Gadgil, S.:
First results from a new observational system over the Indian Seas, Curr.
Sci. India, 78, 323–330, 2000.
Rao, A. S., Behera, S. K., Masumoto, Y., and Yamagata, T.: Interannual
subsurface variability in the tropical Indian Ocean with a special emphasis
on the Indian Ocean Dipole, Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1549–1572, 2002.
Reverdin, G.: Convergence in the equatorial surface jets of the Indian
Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 90, 11741–11750, 1985.
Ris, R. C., Holthuijsen, L. H., and Booij, N.: A third-generation wave model
for coastal regions 2. Veri?cation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104,
7667–7681, 1999.
Saji, N. H. and Yamagata, T.: Structure of SST and Surface Wind Variability
during Indian Ocean Dipole Mode Events: COADS Observations, J.
Climate, 16, 2735–2751, 2003.
Saji, N. H., Goswami, B. N., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Yamagata, T.: A
dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean, Nature, 401, 360–363, 1999.
Sanil Kumar, V. and Anjali Nair, M.: Inter-annual variations in wave spectral
characteristics at a location off the central west coast of India, Ann.
Geophys., 33, 159–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-159-2015, 2015.
Sanil Kumar, V. and Naseef, T. M.: Performance of ERA-Interim wave data in
the nearshore waters around India, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 32,
1257–1269, 2015.
Sanil Kumar, V., Shanas, P. R., and Dubhashi, K. K.: Shallow water wave
spectral characteristics along the eastern Arabian Sea, Nat. Hazards, 70,
377–394, 2014.
Shanas, P. R. and Sanil Kumar, V.: Temporal variations in the wind and wave
climate at a location in the eastern Arabian Sea based on ERA-Interim
reanalysis data, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1371–1381,
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1371-2014, 2014.
Shinoda T. and Han, W.: Influence of the Indian Ocean dipole on atmospheric
sub seasonal variability, J. Climate, 18, 3891–3909, 2005.
Slingo, J. M. and Annamalai, H.: The El Nino of the century and the
response of the Indian summer monsoon, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1778–1797,
2000.
Sreenivas, P., Gnanaseelan C., and Prasad, K. V. S. R.: Influence of El
Niño and Indian Ocean Dipole on sea level variability in the Bay of
Bengal, Global Planet. Change., 80, 215–225, 2012.
Tolman, H. L.: A third-generation model for wind waves on slowly varying,
unsteady and inhomogeneous depths and currents, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21,
782–797, 1991.
Tolman, H. L.: User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH III TM
version 3.14. Tech. Note., 276, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, National Weather Service, Maryland, USA, 194 pp., 2009.
Tolman, H. L. and Chalikov, D.: Source terms in a third-generation wind wave
model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 2497–2518, 1996.
Uppala, S. M., Kållberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Bechtold,
V., Fiorino, M., and Woollen, J.: The ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 131, 2961–3012, 2005.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Francis, P. A., and Rao, S. A.: Indian Ocean dipole:
processes and impacts, Current Trends in Science: Platinum Jubilee Special,
Indian Academy of Sciences Bangalore, 569-589, 2009.
Webster, P. J., Moore, A. M., Loschnigg, J. P., and Leben, R. R.: The great
Indian Ocean warming of 1997–1998: Evidence of coupled oceanic-atmospheric
instabilities, Nature, 401, 356–360, 1999.
Wyrtki, K.: Oceanographic Atlas of the International Indian Ocean
Expedition, Natl. Sci. Found., Washington, D.C., Usa. 531 pp., 1971.
Young, I. R.: Global ocean wave statistics obtained from satellite
observations, Appl. Ocean. Res., 16, 235–248, 1994.
Young, I. R., Babanin, A. V., and Zieger, S.: The decay rate of ocean swell
observed by altimeter, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 2322–2333, 2013.
Zieger, S., Babanin, A. V., and Young, I. R.: Changes in ocean surface winds
with a focus on trends of regional and monthly mean values, Deep Sea Res.
Pt. 1, 86, 56–67, 2014.
Short summary
Using measured, modeled and reanalysis wave data and reanalysis wind data, we show that the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) plays a role in the variability of wave climate of the eastern Arabian Sea (AS). The change in wind field over the AS due to IOD influences the generation or dissipation of wave field and hence causes the decrease in northwest short period waves during positive IOD and increase during negative IOD.
Using measured, modeled and reanalysis wave data and reanalysis wind data, we show that the...
