Articles | Volume 9, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-431-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-431-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Apr 2013
Research article |
| 09 Apr 2013
From the chlorophyll a in the surface layer to its vertical profile: a Greenland Sea relationship for satellite applications
A. Cherkasheva
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
E.-M. Nöthig
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
E. Bauerfeind
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
C. Melsheimer
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
A. Bracher
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Anisbel Leon-Marcos, Moritz Zeising, Manuela van Pinxteren, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Astrid Bracher, Elena Barbaro, Anja Engel, Matteo Feltracco, Ina Tegen, and Bernd Heinold
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2917, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2917, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study represents the Primary marine organic aerosols (PMOA) emission, focusing on their sea-atmosphere transfer. Using the FESOM2.1-REcoM3 model, concentrations of key organic biomolecules were estimated and integrated into the ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 aerosol-climate model. Results highlight the influence of marine biological activity and surface winds on PMOA emissions, with reasonably good agreement with observations improving aerosol representation in the Southern Oceans.
Hongyan Xi, Marine Bretagnon, Ehsan Mehdipour, Julien Demaria, Antoine Mangin, and Astrid Bracher
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-15, 2024
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the marine phytoplankton variability on different scales in both space and time, this study proposed a machine learning based scheme to provide continuous and consistent long-term observations of various phytoplankton groups from space on a global scale, which enables time series analysis for further trend and anomaly investigations. This study provides an essential ocean variable to help assess the ocean health in the biogeochemical aspect.
Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Manuela van Pinxteren, Markus Hartmann, Moritz Zeising, Astrid Bracher, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15561–15587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15561-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15561-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Marine carbohydrates are produced in the surface of the ocean, enter the atmophere as part of sea spray aerosol particles, and potentially contribute to the formation of fog and clouds. Here, we present the results of a sea–air transfer study of marine carbohydrates conducted in the high Arctic. Besides a chemo-selective transfer, we observed a quick atmospheric aging of carbohydrates, possibly as a result of both biotic and abiotic processes.
Aleksandra Cherkasheva, Rustam Manurov, Piotr Kowalczuk, Alexandra N. Loginova, Monika Zabłocka, and Astrid Bracher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2495, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2495, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We aimed to improve the quality of regional Greenland Sea primary production estimates. Seventy two versions of primary production model setups were tested against field data. Best performing models had local biomass and light absorption profiles. Thus by using local parametrizations for these parameters we can improve Arctic primary production model performance. Annual Greenland Sea basin estimates are larger than previously reported.
Hongyan Xi, Marine Bretagnon, Svetlana N. Losa, Vanda Brotas, Mara Gomes, Ilka Peeken, Leonardo M. A. Alvarado, Antoine Mangin, and Astrid Bracher
State Planet, 1-osr7, 5, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-5-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-5-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous monitoring of phytoplankton groups using satellite data is crucial for understanding global ocean phytoplankton variability on different scales in both space and time. This study focuses on four important phytoplankton groups in the Atlantic Ocean to investigate their trend, anomaly and phenological characteristics both over the whole region and at subscales. This study paves the way to promote potentially important ocean monitoring indicators to help sustain the ocean health.
André Valente, Shubha Sathyendranath, Vanda Brotas, Steve Groom, Michael Grant, Thomas Jackson, Andrei Chuprin, Malcolm Taberner, Ruth Airs, David Antoine, Robert Arnone, William M. Balch, Kathryn Barker, Ray Barlow, Simon Bélanger, Jean-François Berthon, Şükrü Beşiktepe, Yngve Borsheim, Astrid Bracher, Vittorio Brando, Robert J. W. Brewin, Elisabetta Canuti, Francisco P. Chavez, Andrés Cianca, Hervé Claustre, Lesley Clementson, Richard Crout, Afonso Ferreira, Scott Freeman, Robert Frouin, Carlos García-Soto, Stuart W. Gibb, Ralf Goericke, Richard Gould, Nathalie Guillocheau, Stanford B. Hooker, Chuamin Hu, Mati Kahru, Milton Kampel, Holger Klein, Susanne Kratzer, Raphael Kudela, Jesus Ledesma, Steven Lohrenz, Hubert Loisel, Antonio Mannino, Victor Martinez-Vicente, Patricia Matrai, David McKee, Brian G. Mitchell, Tiffany Moisan, Enrique Montes, Frank Muller-Karger, Aimee Neeley, Michael Novak, Leonie O'Dowd, Michael Ondrusek, Trevor Platt, Alex J. Poulton, Michel Repecaud, Rüdiger Röttgers, Thomas Schroeder, Timothy Smyth, Denise Smythe-Wright, Heidi M. Sosik, Crystal Thomas, Rob Thomas, Gavin Tilstone, Andreia Tracana, Michael Twardowski, Vincenzo Vellucci, Kenneth Voss, Jeremy Werdell, Marcel Wernand, Bozena Wojtasiewicz, Simon Wright, and Giuseppe Zibordi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5737–5770, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5737-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5737-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A compiled set of in situ data is vital to evaluate the quality of ocean-colour satellite data records. Here we describe the global compilation of bio-optical in situ data (spanning from 1997 to 2021) used for the validation of the ocean-colour products from the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI). The compilation merges and harmonizes several in situ data sources into a simple format that could be used directly for the evaluation of satellite-derived ocean-colour data.
M. A. Soppa, D. A. Dinh, B. Silva, F. Steinmetz, L. Alvarado, and A. Bracher
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVI-1-W1-2021, 69–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-1-W1-2021-69-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-1-W1-2021-69-2022, 2022
Yanan Zhao, Dennis Booge, Christa A. Marandino, Cathleen Schlundt, Astrid Bracher, Elliot L. Atlas, Jonathan Williams, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 19, 701–714, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present here, for the first time, simultaneously measured dimethylsulfide (DMS) seawater concentrations and DMS atmospheric mole fractions from the Peruvian upwelling region during two cruises in December 2012 and October 2015. Our results indicate low oceanic DMS concentrations and atmospheric DMS molar fractions in surface waters and the atmosphere, respectively. In addition, the Peruvian upwelling region was identified as an insignificant source of DMS emissions during both periods.
Wilken-Jon von Appen, Volker H. Strass, Astrid Bracher, Hongyan Xi, Cora Hörstmann, Morten H. Iversen, and Anya M. Waite
Ocean Sci., 16, 253–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-253-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-253-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Nutrient-rich water is moved to the surface near continental margins. Then it forms rich but difficult to observe spatial structures of physical and biological/biogeochemical properties. Here we present a high resolution (2.5 km) section through such features obtained in May 2018 with a vehicle towed behind a ship. Considering that such interactions of physics and biology are common in the ocean, they likely strongly influence the productivity of such systems and their role in CO2 uptake.
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Marc von Hobe, Dennis Booge, Henry C. Bittig, Tim Fischer, Rafael Gonçalves-Araujo, Kerstin B. Ksionzek, Boris P. Koch, Astrid Bracher, Rüdiger Röttgers, Birgit Quack, and Christa A. Marandino
Ocean Sci., 15, 1071–1090, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1071-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1071-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean emits the gases carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2), which affect our climate. The goal of this study was to quantify the rates at which both gases are produced in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP), one of the most productive oceanic regions worldwide. Both gases are produced by reactions triggered by sunlight, but we found that the amount produced depends on different factors. Our results improve numerical models to predict oceanic concentrations of both gases.
Svetlana N. Losa, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Martin Losch, Julia Oelker, Mariana A. Soppa, Scarlett Trimborn, Hongyan Xi, and Astrid Bracher
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-289, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-289, 2019
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights recent advances and challenges of applying coupled physical-biogeochemical modeling for investigating the distribution of the key phytoplankton groups in the Southern Ocean. By leveraging satellite and in situ observations we define numerical ecological model requirements in the phytoplankton trait specification and level of physiological and morphological differentiation for capturing and explaining the observed biogeography of diatoms, coccolithophores and Phaeocystis.
André Valente, Shubha Sathyendranath, Vanda Brotas, Steve Groom, Michael Grant, Malcolm Taberner, David Antoine, Robert Arnone, William M. Balch, Kathryn Barker, Ray Barlow, Simon Bélanger, Jean-François Berthon, Şükrü Beşiktepe, Yngve Borsheim, Astrid Bracher, Vittorio Brando, Elisabetta Canuti, Francisco Chavez, Andrés Cianca, Hervé Claustre, Lesley Clementson, Richard Crout, Robert Frouin, Carlos García-Soto, Stuart W. Gibb, Richard Gould, Stanford B. Hooker, Mati Kahru, Milton Kampel, Holger Klein, Susanne Kratzer, Raphael Kudela, Jesus Ledesma, Hubert Loisel, Patricia Matrai, David McKee, Brian G. Mitchell, Tiffany Moisan, Frank Muller-Karger, Leonie O'Dowd, Michael Ondrusek, Trevor Platt, Alex J. Poulton, Michel Repecaud, Thomas Schroeder, Timothy Smyth, Denise Smythe-Wright, Heidi M. Sosik, Michael Twardowski, Vincenzo Vellucci, Kenneth Voss, Jeremy Werdell, Marcel Wernand, Simon Wright, and Giuseppe Zibordi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1037–1068, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1037-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1037-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A compiled set of in situ data is useful to evaluate the quality of ocean-colour satellite data records. Here we describe the compilation of global bio-optical in situ data (spanning from 1997 to 2018) used for the validation of the ocean-colour products from the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI). The compilation merges and harmonizes several in situ data sources into a simple format that could be used directly for the evaluation of satellite-derived ocean-colour data.
Eunmi Park, Jens Hefter, Gerhard Fischer, Morten Hvitfeldt Iversen, Simon Ramondenc, Eva-Maria Nöthig, and Gesine Mollenhauer
Biogeosciences, 16, 2247–2268, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2247-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2247-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed GDGT-based proxy temperatures in the polar oceans. In the eastern Fram Strait (79° N), the nutrient distribution may determine the depth habit of Thaumarchaeota and thus the proxy temperature. In the Antarctic Polar Front (50° S), the contribution of Euryarchaeota or the nonlinear correlation between the proxy values and temperatures may cause the warm biases of the proxy temperatures relative to SSTs.
Dennis Booge, Cathleen Schlundt, Astrid Bracher, Sonja Endres, Birthe Zäncker, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 15, 649–667, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-649-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-649-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our isoprene data from field measurements in the mixed layer from the Indian Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean show that the ability of different phytoplankton functional types to produce isoprene seems to be mainly influenced by light, ocean temperature, salinity, and nutrients. By calculating in-field isoprene production rates, we demonstrate that an additional loss is needed to explain the measured isoprene concentration, which is potentially due to degradation or consumption by bacteria.
Cathleen Schlundt, Susann Tegtmeier, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Astrid Bracher, Wee Cheah, Kirstin Krüger, Birgit Quack, and Christa A. Marandino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10837–10854, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, oxygenated volatile organic carbon (OVOC) in the ocean and overlaying atmosphere in the western Pacific Ocean has been measured. OVOCs are important for atmospheric chemistry. They are involved in ozone production in the upper troposphere (UT), and they have a climate cooling effect. We showed that phytoplankton was an important source for OVOCs in the surface ocean, and when OVOCs are emitted into the atmosphere, they could reach the UT and might influence ozone formation.
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Christa A. Marandino, Marc von Hobe, Pau Cortes, Birgit Quack, Rafel Simo, Dennis Booge, Andrea Pozzer, Tobias Steinhoff, Damian L. Arevalo-Martinez, Corinna Kloss, Astrid Bracher, Rüdiger Röttgers, Elliot Atlas, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 385–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-385-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-385-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present new sea surface and marine boundary layer measurements of carbonyl sulfide, the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere, and calculate an oceanic emission estimate. Our results imply that oceanic emissions are very unlikely to account for the missing source in the atmospheric budget that is currently discussed for OCS.
Helmke Hepach, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Anja Engel, Astrid Bracher, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Luisa Galgani, Elliot L. Atlas, Johannes Lampel, Udo Frieß, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12219–12237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present surface seawater measurements of bromo- and iodocarbons, which are involved in numerous atmospheric processes such as tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry, from the highly productive Peruvian upwelling. By combining trace gas measurements, characterization of organic matter and phytoplankton species, and tropospheric modelling, we show that large amounts of iodocarbons produced from the pool of organic matter may contribute strongly to local tropospheric iodine loading.
Dennis Booge, Christa A. Marandino, Cathleen Schlundt, Paul I. Palmer, Michael Schlundt, Elliot L. Atlas, Astrid Bracher, Eric S. Saltzman, and Douglas W. R. Wallace
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11807–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11807-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11807-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene, a biogenic trace gas, is an important precursor of secondary organic aerosol/cloud condensation nuclei. Here, we use isoprene and related field measurements from three different ocean data sets together with remotely sensed satellite data to model global marine isoprene emissions. Our findings suggest that there is at least one missing oceanic source of isoprene and possibly other unknown factors in the ocean or atmosphere influencing the atmospheric values.
H. Hepach, B. Quack, S. Raimund, T. Fischer, E. L. Atlas, and A. Bracher
Biogeosciences, 12, 6369–6387, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6369-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6369-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript covers the first measurements of CHBr3, CH2Br2 and CH3I from the equatorial Atlantic during the Cold Tongue season, identifying this region and season as a source for these compounds. For the first time, we calculated diapycnal fluxes, and showed that the fluxes from below the mixed layer to the surface are not sufficient to balance the mixed layer budget. Hence, we conclude that mixed layer production has to take place despite a pronounced sub-mixed-layer-maximum.
T. Dinter, V. V. Rozanov, J. P. Burrows, and A. Bracher
Ocean Sci., 11, 373–389, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-373-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-373-2015, 2015
A. Bracher, M. H. Taylor, B. Taylor, T. Dinter, R. Röttgers, and F. Steinmetz
Ocean Sci., 11, 139–158, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-139-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-139-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a method to assess pigment concentrations from continuous optical measurements by applying an empirical orthogonal function analysis to remote-sensing reflectance data derived from hyperspectral ship-based and multispectral satellite measurements in the Atlantic Ocean. The method allows for the derivation of time series from continuous reflectance data of various pigment groups at various regions, which can be used to study phytoplankton composition and photophysiology.
W. Cheah, B. B. Taylor, S. Wiegmann, S. Raimund, G. Krahmann, B. Quack, and A. Bracher
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-12115-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-12115-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
G. Wetzel, H. Oelhaf, G. Berthet, A. Bracher, C. Cornacchia, D. G. Feist, H. Fischer, A. Fix, M. Iarlori, A. Kleinert, A. Lengel, M. Milz, L. Mona, S. C. Müller, J. Ovarlez, G. Pappalardo, C. Piccolo, P. Raspollini, J.-B. Renard, V. Rizi, S. Rohs, C. Schiller, G. Stiller, M. Weber, and G. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5791–5811, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5791-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5791-2013, 2013
C. Zindler, A. Bracher, C. A. Marandino, B. Taylor, E. Torrecilla, A. Kock, and H. W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 10, 3297–3311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3297-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3297-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Antoine, D. and Morel, A.: Oceanic primary production: I. Adaptation of a spectral light-photosynthesis model in view of application to satellite chlorophyll observations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 43–55, 1996.
Antoine D., André J. M., and Morel, A.: Oceanic primary production: II. Estimation at global scale from satellite (Coastal Zone Color Scanner) chlorophyll, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 57–69, 1996.
Arnone, R. A., Casey, B., Ko, D., Flynn, P., Carrolo, L., and Ladner, S.: Forecasting Coastal Optical Properties using Ocean Color and Coastal Circulation Models, Proc. Of SPIE Vol. 6680, 66800S, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.737201, 2007.
Arrigo, K. R. and van Dijken, G. L.: Secular trends in Arctic Ocean net primary production, J. Geophys. Res., 16, C09011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007151, 2011.
Arrigo, K. R., Matrai, P. A., and van Dijken, G. L.: Primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean: Impacts of complex optical properties and subsurface chlorophyll maximum on large-scale estimates, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C11022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007273, 2011.
Behrenfeld, M. J.: Abandoning Sverdrup's Critical Depth Hypothesis on phytoplankton blooms, Ecology, 91, 977–989, 2010.
Behrenfeld M. J. and Falkowski, P. G.: Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1–20, 1997.
Budéus, G. and Ronski, S.: An integral view of the hydrographic development in the Greenland Sea over a decade, The Open Oceanography Journal, 3, 1874–2521, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874252100903010008, hdl:10013/epic.32547, 2009.
Carr, M.-.E., Friedrichs, M. A. M.,Schmeltz, M., Aita, M. N., Antoine, D., Arrigo, K. R., Asanuma, I., Aumont, Barber, R., Behrenfeld, M., Bidigare, R., Bustenhuis, E., Campbell, J., Ciotti, A., Dierssen, H., Dowell, M., Dunne, J., Esaias, W., Gentili, B., Gregg, W.,, Groom, Hoepffner, N., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., LeQuere, C., Lohrenz, S., Marra, J., Melin, F., Moore, K., Morel, A., Reddy, T. E., Ryan, J., Scardi, M., Smyth, T., Turpie, K., Tilstone, G., Waters, K., and Yamanaka, Y.: A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color, Deep Sea Res. II, 53, 741–770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.028, 2006.
Comiso, J. C.: Polar oceans from space, New York, Springer, 741-770, 2010.
Edler, L.: Recommendations on methods for marine biological studies in the Baltic Sea, Phytoplankton and chlorophyll, BMB Publ., 5, 1–38, 1979.
Eppley, R., Steward, E., Abbott, M., and Heyman, U.: Estimating ocean primary production from satellite chlorophyll: introduction to regional differences and statistics for the Southern California Bight, J. Plankton Res., 7, 57–70, 1985.
Evans, C. A. and O'Reily, J. E.: A handbook for the measurement of chlorophyll a in netplankton and nanoplankton, BIOMASS Handbook, 9, 1–14, 1987.
Gordon, H. R. and McCluney, W. R.: Estimation of the depth of sunlight penetration in the sea for remote sensing. Applied Optics, 14, 413–416, 1975.
Gordon, H. R. and Morel, A. Y.: Remote Assessment of Ocean Color for Interpretation of Satellite Visible Imagery: A review, Springer-Verlag. Berlin, p. 114, 1983.
Hill, V. J., Matrai, P. A., Olson, E., Suttles, S., Steele, M., Codispoti, L. A., and Zimmerman, R. C. Synthesis of integrated primary production in the Arctic Ocean: II. In situ and remotely sensed estimates, Prog. Oceanogr., 110, 107–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.11.005, 2013.
Lee, Z., Weidemann, A., Kindle, J., Arnone, R., Carder, K. L., and Davis, C.: Euphotic zone depth: Its derivation and implication to ocean-color remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C03009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003802, 2007.
Liu, J., Curry, J. A., Dai, R., and Horton, R.: Causes of the northern high-latitude land surface winter climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030196, 2007.
Maslanik, J., Drobot, S., Fowler, C., Emery, W., and Barry, R.: On the Arctic climate paradox and the continuing role of atmospheric circulation in affecting sea ice conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028269, 2007.
Matrai, P. A., Olson, E., Suttles, S., Hill, V. J., Codispoti, L. A., Light, B., and Steele, M.: Synthesis of primary production in the Arctic Ocean: I. Surface waters, 1954–2007, Prog. Oceanogr., 110, 93–106, , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.11.004, 2013.
Matsuoka, A., Huot, Y., Shimada, K., Saitoh, S. I., and Babin, M.: Bio-optical characteristics of the western Arctic Ocean: implications for ocean color algorithms, C. J. Remote Sens., 33, 503–518, 2007.
Matsuoka, A., Hill, V., Huot, Y., Bricaud, A., and Babin, M.: Seasonal variability in the light absorption properties of western Arctic waters: parameterization of the individual components of absorption for ocean color applications, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C02007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005594, 2011.
Milutinovic, S.: Uncertainty in a model for estimating euphotic depth from satellite observations of chlorophyll, NERSC Special Report, No. 88, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway, 2011.
Morel, A.: Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous matter content (case 1 waters), J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10749–10768, 1988.
Morel, A. and Berthon, J. F.: Surface Pigments, Algal Biomass Profiles, and Potential Production of the Euphotic Layer: Relationships Reinvestigated in View of Remote-Sensing Applications. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1545–1562, 1989.
Morel, A. and Maritorena, S.: Bio-optical properties of oceanic waters: A reappraisal, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7163–7180, 2001.
Pabi, S., van Dijken, G. L., and Arrigo, K. R.: Primary Production in the Arctic Ocean, 1998–2006, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C08005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004578, 2008.
Reigstad, M., Carroll, J., Slagstad, D., Ellingsen, I. H., and Wassmann, P.: Intra-regional comparison of productivity, carbon flux and ecosystem composition within the northern Barents Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 90, 33–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.005, 2011.
Rey, F., Noji, T. T., and Miller, L. A.: Seasonal phytoplankton development and new production in the central Greenland Sea, Sarsia, 85, 329–344, 2000.
Rigor, I. G. and Wallace, J. M.: Variations in the age of Arctic sea-ice and summer sea-ice extent, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019492, 2004.
Rudels, B. and Quadfaselm D. : Convection and deep water formation in the Arctic Ocean – Greenland Sea system, J. Marine Syst., 2, 435–450, 1991.
Sakshaug, E.: Primary and secondary production in the Arctic Seas, in: The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, edited by: Stein, R. and Macdonald, R., Springer, 57–81, 2004.
Schauer, U., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Walczowski, W., Fahrbach, E., Piechura, J., and Hansen, E.: Variation of Measured Heat Flow Through the Fram Strait Between 1997 and 2006, Arctic-subarctic ocean fluxes: defining the role of the northern seas in climate, edited by: Dickson, R. R., Meincke, J.. and Rhines, P.. Dordrecht, Springer, 65–85, 2008.
Soltwedel, T., Bauerfeind, E., Bergmann, M., Budaeva, N., Hoste, E., Jaeckisch, N., Juterzenka, K., Matthiessen, J., Mokievsky, V., Noethig, E.-M., Queric, N., Sablotny, B., Sauter, E., Schewe, I., Urban, B., Wegner, J., Wlodarska-Kovalczuk, M., and Klages, M.: HAUSGARTEN: multidisciplinary investigations at a deep-sea, long-term observatory in the Arctic Ocean, Oceanography, 18, 46–61, 2005.
Tremblay, J.-É., Raimbault, P., Martin, J., and Garcia, N.: The Ecology and Biogeochemistry of Subsurface Phytoplankton Layers in the Arctic Ocean, IPY2012 Conference – Montréal, Canada, 22–27 April 2012.
Smith, R. C. and Baker, K. S.: The analysis of ocean optical data. Ocean Optics (Bellingham, Wash.), 7, 119–126, 1984.
Stramski, D., Reynolds, R. A., Babin, M., Kaczmarek, S., Lewis, M. R., Röttgers, R., Sciandra, A., Stramska, M., Twardowski, M. S., Franz, B. A., and Claustre, H.: Relationships between the surface concentration of particulate organic carbon and optical properties in the eastern South Pacific and eastern Atlantic Oceans, Biogeosciences, 5, 171–201, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-171-2008, 2008.
Weston, K., Fernand, L., Mills, D. K, Delahunty, R., and Brown, J.: Primary production in the deep chlorophyll maximum of the northern North Sea, J. Plankton Res., 27, 909–922, 2005.
White, H.: A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity, Econometrica, 48, 817–838. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912934, 1980.
