Articles | Volume 5, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-329-2009
© Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-329-2009
© Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
11 Sep 2009
Detecting marine hazardous substances and organisms: sensors for pollutants, toxins, and pathogens
O. Zielinski
Institute for Marine Resources, Bremerhaven, Germany
J. A. Busch
Institute for Marine Resources, Bremerhaven, Germany
A. D. Cembella
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar- and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
K. L. Daly
College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
J. Engelbrektsson
Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
A. K. Hannides
Department of Fisheries and Marine Research, Nicosia, Cyprus
H. Schmidt
Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University Berlin, Germany
Related subject area
Approach: In situ Observations | Depth range: All Depths | Geographical range: All Geographic Regions | Phenomena: Chemical Processes
Electrochemical techniques and sensors for ocean research
G. Denuault
Ocean Sci., 5, 697–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-697-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-697-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Adornato, L. R., Kaltenbacher, E. A., Greenhow, D. R., and Byrne, R. H.: High-resolution in situ analysis of nitrate and phosphate in the oligotrophic ocean, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 4045–4052, 2007.
Alexander, J., Au{ð}unsson, G. A., Benford, D., Cockburn, A., Cravedi, J.-P., Dogliotti, E., Di Domenico, A., Fernández-Cruz, M. L., Fink-Gremmels, J., Fürst, P., Galli, C., Grandjean, P., Gzyl, J., Heinemeyer, G., Johansson, N., Mutti, A., Schlatter, J., van Leeuwen, R., Van Peteghem, C., and Verger, P.: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain on a request from the European Commission on marine biotoxins in shellfish – okadaic acid and analogues, The EFSA Journal, 589, 1–62, 2008.
Anderson, D. M., Glibert, P. M., and Burkholder, J. M.: Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences, Estuaries, 25, 704–726, 2002.
Anderson, D. M., Townsend, D. W., McGillicuddy Jr., D. J., and Turner, J. T.: The ecology and oceanography of toxic Alexandrium fundyense blooms in the Gulf of Maine, Deep Sea Res. II, 52 19–21), 2365–2876, 2005.
Arst, H.: Optical properties and remote sensing of multicomponental water bodies, Springer, 231, 2003.
Asano, K., Ono, A., Hashimoto, S., Inoue, T., and Kanno, J.: Screening of endocrine disrupting chemicals using a surface plasmon resonance sensor, Anal. Sci. 20(4), 611–616, 2004.
Aune, T., Larsen, S., Aasen, J. A. B., Rehmann, N., Satake, M., and Hess, P.: Relative toxicity of dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2) compared with okadaic acid, based on acute intraperitoneal toxicity in mice, Toxicon, 49, 1–7, 2007.
Babin, M., Cullen, J. J., Roesler, C. S., Donaghay, P. L., Doucette, G. J., Kahru, M., Lewis, M. R., Scholin, C. A., Sieracki, M. E., and Sosik, H. M.: New approaches and technologies for observing harmful algal blooms, Oceanography, 18(2), 210–227, 2005.
Babin, M., Roesler, C. S., and Cullen, J. J. (Eds.): Real-time coastal observing systems for marine ecosystem dynamics and harmful algal blooms, UNESCO publishing, Paris, 807 pp., 2008.
Benfield, M. C., Davis, C. S., Wiebe, P. H., Gallager, S. M., Lough, R. G., and Copley, N. J.: Video plankton recorder estimates of copepod, pteropod and larvacean distributions from a stratified region of Georges bank with comparative measurements from a MOCNESS sampler, Deep-Sea Res. II, 43, 1925–1946, 1996.
Bishop, J., Davis, R. E. and Sherman, J. T.: Robotic observations of storm dust enhancement of carbon biomass in the North Pacific, Science, 298, 817–821, 2002.
Bonn Agreement: Aerial Surveillance Handbook Part 2, Remote Sensing and Operational Guidelines, Version: 25 October 2007, 33, 2007.
Bundy, K. J., Berzins, D., and Taverna, P.: Development of polarographic sensors for heavy metal detection sensing applications. Proceedings of the HSRC/WERC Joint Conference on the Environment, Great Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research Center, 1996.
Brewer, P. G., Malby, G., Pasteris, J. D., White, S. N., Peltzer, E. T., Wopenka, B., Freeman, J., and Brown, M. O.: Development of a laser Raman spectrophotometer for deep-ocean science, Deep-Sea Res. I, 51, 739–753, 2004.
Browell, E. V.: Analysis of laser fluorosensor systems for remote algae detection and quantification, NASA Technical Note, TN D-8447, 1977.
Cabelli, V. J., Dufour, A. P., McCabe, L. J., and Levin, M. A.: Swimming associated gastroenteritis and water quality, Am. J. Epidemiol., 115, 606–616, 1982.
Campbell, K., Stewart, L. D., Doucette, G. J., Fodey, T. L., Haughey, S. A., Vilarino, N., Kawatsu, K., and Elliott, C. T.: Assessment of specific binding proteins suitable for the detection of paralytic shellfish poisons using optical biosensor technology, Anal. Chem., 79, 5906–5914, 2007.
Campás, M., Prieto-Simón, B., and Marty, J.-L.: Biosensors to detect marine toxins: Assessing seafood safety, Talanta, 72(3), 884–895, 2007.
Cannizzaro, J. P., Carder, K. L., Chen, F. R., Vargo, G. A., and Heil, C. A.: A novel technique for detection of the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, in the Gulf of Mexico from remotely sensed ocean color data, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 137–158, 2008.
Carder, K. L. and Steward, R. G.: A remote-sensing reflectance model of a red-tide dinoflagellate off west Florida, Limnol. Oceanogr., 30, 286–298, 1985.
Cembella, A. D., Doucette, G. J., and Garthwaite, I.: In vitro assays for phycotoxins, in: Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, edited by: Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., and Cembella, A. D., Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, 11, 297–345, UNESCO, Paris, 2003.
Cheung, W. H., Chang, K. C., Hung, R. P., and Kleevens, J. W.: Health effects of beach-water pollution in Hong Kong, Epidemiol. Infect., 105, 139–162, 1990.
Christiansen, L. B., Winther-Nielsen, M., and Helwig, C: Feminisation of fish. The effect of estrogenic compounds and their fate in sewage treatment plants and nature, Environmental Project No. 729; Danish Environmental Protection Agency, online available at: http://www.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/ 2002/87-7972-305-5/html/default_eng.htm, 2002.
Codd, G. A., Morrison, L. F., and Metcalf, J. S.: Cyanobacterial toxins: risk management for health protection, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 203, 264–272, 2005.
Corbett, S. J., Rubin, G. L., Curry, G. K., and Kleinbaum, D. G.: The health effects of swimming at Sydney beaches, Am. J. Public Health, 83, 1701–1706, 1993.
Cullen, J. J., Ciotti, A. M. Davis, R. F., and Lewis, M. R.: Optical detection and assessment of algal blooms, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1223–1239, 1997.
Daly, K. L., Byrne, R. H., Dickson, A. G., Gallager, S. M., Perry, M. J., and Tivey, M. K.: Chemical and biological sensors for time-series research: current status and new directions, Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 38(2), 121–143, 2004.
Davis, C. S., Gallager, S. M., and Solow, A. R.: Microaggregations of oceanic plankton observed by towed video microscopy, Science, 257, 230–232, 1992.
Dickey, T. D.: The role of new technology in advancing ocean biogeochemical research, Oceanography, 14(4), 108–120, 2001.
Doucette, G. J., Mikulski, C. M., Jones, K. L., King, K. L., Greenfield, R., Marin III, R., Jensen, S., Roman, B., Elliot, C. T., and Scholin, C. A.: Remote, subsurface detection of the algal toxin domoic acid onboard the Environmental Sample Processor: assay development and initial field trials, Harmful Algae, in press, 2009.
Durand, M. J., Thouand, G., Dancheva-Ivanova, T., Vachon, P., and DuBow, M.: Specific detection of organotin compounds with a recombinant luminescent bacteria, Chemosphere, 52, 103–111, 2003.
Endo, S., Takizawa, R., Okuda, K., Takada, H., Chiba, K., Kanehiro, H., Ogi, H., Yamashita, R., and Date, T.: Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in beached resin pellets: variability among individual particles and regional differences, Mar. Poll. Bull., 50, 1103–1114, 2005.
Engblom, S. O.: The phosphate sensor, Biosens. Bioelectron., 13, 981–994, 1998.
Farré, M., Pasini, O., Alonso, M. C., Castillo, and M., Barceló, D.: Toxicity assessment of organic pollution in wastewaters using a bacterial biosensor, Anal. Chim. Acta, 426, 155–165, 2001.
Escoriza, M. F., VanBriesen, J. M., Stewart, S., Maier, J., and Treado, P. J.: Raman spectroscopy and chemical imaging for quantification of filtered waterborne bacteria, J. Microbiol. Meth., 66(1), 63–72, 2006.
FAO: AQUALEX, Multilingual glossary of aquaculture terms, online available at: www.fao.org/fi/glossary/ aquaculture/default.asp, 2008.
Fernández, M. L., Richard, D. J., and Cembella, A. D.: In vivo bioassays for phycotoxins, in: Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, edited gby: Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., and Cembella, A. D., Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, 11, 347–380, UNESCO, Paris, 2003.
Fleisher, J. M., Kay, D., Wyer, M. D., and Godfree, A. F.: Marine Waters contaminated with domestic sewage: nonenteric illnesses associated with bather exposure in the United Kingdom, Am. J. Pub. Health, 86(9), 1228–1234, 1996a.
Fleisher, J. M., Kay, D., Wyer, M. D., and Merrett, H.: The enterovirus test in the assessment of recreational water-associated gastroenteritis, Water Res., 30, 2341–2346, 1996b
Gade, M.: On the imaging of biogenic and anthropogenic surface films on the sea by radar sensors, in: Marine Surface Films: Chemical Characteristics, Influence on Air-Sea Interactions, and Remote Sensing, edited by: Gade, M., Hühnerfuss, H., and Korenowski G. M., 189–204, 342 pp., Springer, Heidelberg, 2006.
Geisterdoerfer, P. and Goyffon, M.: Animaux aquatiques dangereux. EMC, Toxicologie-Pathologie, 1(2), 35-62, 2004.
GEOHAB: Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, online available at: http://www.geohab.info/, 2008.
GESAMP: Report of the Thirteenth Session, Geneva, Switzerland, 28 February–4 March 1983, IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group, of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution, Reports and Studies, 18, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, 50 pp., 1983.
Gerba, C. P.: Pathogens in the environment, in: Pollution Science, edited by: Pepper, I. L., Gerba, C. P., and Brusseau, M. L., Academic Press, New York, 279–299, 1996.
GOOS: Global Ocean Observing System, online available at: www.ioc-goos.org, 2008.
Gostilo, V., Sokolov, A., Danengirsh, S., Kondrashov, V., Loupilov, A., Fedotenkov, V., Pchelintsev, A., Nekrestjanov, S. N., Kireyev, V. F., Pichteyev, O. Y., Ivanov, V. P., and Likov, D. V.: Floating monitoring station for measurements of radionuclides volumetric activity in water reservoirs, Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, IEE, 2000.
Graham, E. R. and Thompson, J. T.: Deposit- and suspension-feeding sea cucumbers (Echinodermata) ingest plastic fragments, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 368(1), 22–29, 2009.
Graham, W. M., Pagès, F., and Hamner, W. M.: A physical context for gelatinous zooplankton aggregations: a review, Hydrobiologia, 451(1–3), 199–212, 2001.
Grate, J. W., Egorov, O. B., O'Hara, M. J., and DeVol, T. A.: Radinuclide Sensors for Environmental Monitoring: From Flow Injection Solid-Phase Absorptiometry to Equilibration-Based Preconcentrating Minicolumn Sensors with Radiometric Detection. Chemical Reviews ASAP Articles, online available at: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cr068115u, 2008.
Grovel, O., Pouchus, Y. F., and Verbist, J.-F.: Accumulation of gliotoxin, a cytotoxic mycotoxin from Aspergillus fumigatus, in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), Toxicon, 42, 297–300, 2003.
Grüner, K., Reuter, R., and Smid, H.: A new sensor system for airborne measurements of maritime pollution and of hydrographic parameters, GeoJournal, 24(1), 103–117, 1991.
HELCOM: Hazardous substances of specific concern to the Baltic Sea – Final report of the HAZARDOUS project, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings, 119, 96 pp., 2009.
Hengstermann, T. and Reuter, R.: Lidar fluorosensing of mineral oil spills on the sea surface, Appl. Optics, 29(22), 3218–3227, 1990.
Hoge, F. E. and Swift, R. N.: Airborne dual laser excitation and mapping of phytoplankton photopigments in a gulf stream warm core ring, Appl. Optics, 22(15), 2272–2281, 1983.
Hope, B. K.: An examination of ecological risk assessment and management practices, Environ. Int., 32, 983–995, 2006.
Houghton, J. D. R., Doyle, T. K., Davenport, J., and Hays, G. C.: Developing a simple, rapid method for identifying and monitoring jellyfish aggregations from the air, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 314, 159–170, 2006.
Howell, K. A., Achterberg, E. P., Braungardt, C. B., Tappin, A. D., Turner, D. R., and Worsfold, P. J.: The determination of trace metals in estuarine and coastal waters using a voltammetric in situ profiling system, Analyst, 128, 734–741, 2003.
Hu, C., Luerssen, R., Muller-Karger, F. E., Carder, K. L., and Heil, C. A.:. On the remote monitoring of Karenis brevis blooms of the west Florida shelf, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 159–176, 2008.
Hu, C., Muller-Karger, F. E., Taylor, C., Carder, K. L., Kelble, C., Johns, E, and Heil, C.: Red tide detection and tracing using MODIS fluorescence data: A regional example in SW Florida coastal waters, Remote Sens. Environ., 97, 311–321, 2005.
ISO/IEC TR 15938-8: Information technology – Multimedia content description interface – Part 8: Extraction and use of MPEG-7 descriptions, 2002.
Jiang, S, Noble, R., and Chui, W. P.: Human adenoviruses and coliphages in urban runoff-impacted coastal waters of Southern California, Appl Environ. Microbiol., 67(1), 179–184, 2001.
Johnson, D. C., Enriquez, C. E., Pepper, I. L., Davis, T. L., Gerba, C. P, and Rose, J. B.: Survival of giardia, cryptosporidium, poliovirus and salmonella in marine waters, Water Sci. Technol., 35(11–12), 261–268, 1997.
Johnson, K. S. and Coletti, L. J.: In situ ultraviolet spectrophotometry for high resolution and long-term monitoring of nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean, Deep-Sea Res. I, 49, 1291–1305, 2002.
Johnson, K. S., Coletti, L. J., and Chavez, F. P.: Diel nitrate cycles observed with in situ sensors predict monthly and annual new production, Deep-Sea Res. I, 53, 561–573, 2006.
Kay, D., Fleisher, K. D., J. M., Salmon, R. L., Jones, F., Wyer, M. D., Godfree, A. F., Zelenauch-Jacquotte, Z., and Shore, R.: Predicting likelihood of gastroenteritis from sea bathing: results from randomized exposure, Lancet, 344(8927), 905–909, 1994.
Kirkpatrick, G. J., Millie, D. F., Moline, M. A., and Schofield, O.: Optical discrimination of a phytoplankton species in natural mixed populations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 467–471, 2000.
Krock, B., Tillmann, U., John, U., and Cembella, A.: LC-MS-MS aboard ship: tandem mass spectrometry in the search for phycotoxins and novel toxigenic plankton from the North Sea, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 392(5), 797–803, 2008.
Krock, B., Tillmann, U., John, U., and Cembella, A. D.: Characterization of azaspiracids in plankton size-fractions and isolation of an azaspiracid-producing dinoflagellate from the North Sea, Harmful Algae, 8, 254–263, 2009.
Kronfeldt, H.-D., Schmidt, H., Maiwald, M., Gallasch, L.-H., Konat-Stepowicz, J., Lehaître, M., LeNoac'h, A., Pfannkuche, J., Amann, H., Szymczak-Zyla, M., Filipowska, A., Lubecki, L., Kowalewska, G., Esteban-Martínez, O., Navarrete, M.-C., Díaz-Herrera, N., González-Cano, A., Bernabeu, E., Gibson, C., Mac Craith, B., Leclercq, M., and Roussel, B.: Multiparametric in-situ Spectroscopic Measuring System for Costal Monitoring employed under field conditions in the Gulf of Gdansk, Proc. ISOPE, 433–37, 2004.
LaGier, M. J., Fell, J. W., and Goodwin, D.: Electrochemical detection of harmful algae and other microbial contaminant in coastal waters using hand-held biosensors, Mar. Poll. Bull., 54, 757–770, 2007.
Landis, W. G.: Twenty years before and hence; Ecological risk assessment of multiple scales with multiple stressors and multiple endpoints, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 9, 1317–1326, 2003.
Larsen, L. H., Kjaer, T., and Revsbech, N. P.: A microscale No. 3–-biosensor for environmental applications, Anal. Chem., 69, 3527–3531, 1997.
Latecki, L. J. and Lakämper, R.: Shape similarity measure based on correspondence of visual parts, IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Vision, 22(10), 1–6, 2000.
Lawton, L. A., Edwards, C., and Codd, G. A.: Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters, Analyst, 119, 1525–1530, 1994.
Liao, V. H.-C, Chien, M.-T., and Ou, K.-L.: Assessment of heavy metal bioavailability in contaminated sediments and soils using green fluorescent protein-based bacterial biosensors, Environ. Pollut., 142, 17–23, 2006.
Lieberzeit, P. A. and Dickert, F. L.: Sensor technology and its application in environmental analysis, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 387, 237–247, 2007.
Liu, X., Wang, Z. A., Byrne, R. H., Kaltenbacher, E. A., and Bernstein, R. E.: Spectrophotometric measurements of pH in-situ: laboratory and field evaluations of instrumental performance, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 5036–5044, 2006.
Marr, J. C., Hu, T., Pleasance, S., Quilliam, M. A., and Wright, J. L. C.: Detection of new 7-O-acryl derivatives of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Toxicon, 30(12), 1621–1630, 1992.
Masó, M. and Garcés, E.: Harmful microalgae blooms (HAB); problematic and conditions that induce them, Mar. Poll. Bull., 53, 620–630, 2006.
Maso, M., Garces, E., Pages, F., and Camp, J.: Drifting plastic debris as a potential vector for dispersing Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) species, Scientia Marina, 67(1), 107–111, 2003.
Metfies, K. and Medlin, L. K.: Feasibility of transferring fluorescent in situ hybridization probes to an 18S rRNA gene Phylochip and mapping of signal intensities, Appl. Envir. Microbiol, 74, 2814–2821, 2008.
Millie, D. F., Schofield, O. M., Kirkpatrick, G. J., Johnsen, G., Tester, P. A., and Vinyard, B. T.: Detection of harmful algal blooms using photopigments and absorption signatures: A case study of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1240–1251, 1997.
Mills, C. E.: Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions? Hydrobiologia, 451(1–3), 55–68, 2001.
Moore, C., Barnard, A., Fietzek, P., Lewis, M. R., Sosik, H. M., White, S., and Zielinski, O.: Optical tools for ocean monitoring and research, Ocean Sci. Discuss., 5, 659–717, 2008.
Murphy, T., Lucht, S., Schmidt, H., and Kronfeldt, H.-D.: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) system for continuous measurements of chemicals in seawater, J. Raman Spectrosc., 31, 943–948, 2000.
Nguyen, T. B. H.: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for in-situ analysis of mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in seawater, Thesis, TU Berlin, D 83, 2004.
NOAA: Harmful Algal Bloom Forecasting System, online available at: www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/habf, 2008a.
NOAA: CoastWatch Program, online available at: http://coastwatch.noaa.gov, 2008b.
NOAA: National Ocean Report. Ocean Observations, online available at: www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/oceanreport/observations.html, 2008c.
Oehme, I. and Wolfbeis, O. S.: Optical sensors for determination of heavy metal ions, Mikrochim. Acta, 126, 177–192, 1997.
OJEC: Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 23. October 2000, establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Official journal of the European communities, L327, 72 pp., 2000.
Olson, R. J., Shalapyonok, A., and Sosik, H. M.: An automated submersible flow cytometer for analyzing pico- and nanophytoplankton, Deep Sea Res., 50, 301–315, 2003.
OSPAR: Hazardous Substances, online available at: http://www.ospar.org/content/content.asp?menu= 00200304000000_000000_000000, 2009.
Parthuisot, N., Catala, P., Lemarchand, K., Baudart, J., and Lebaron, P.: Evaluation of Chemchrome V6 for bacterial viability assessment in waters, J. Appl. Microbiol., 89(2), 370–380, 2000.
Patterson, M. and Brescia, A.: Integrated sensor systems for UAS. Proceedings of the 23rd Bristol UAV Conference, April 2008, 13 pp., online available at: http://www.acrtucson.com/Presentations_n_Publications/pdf/23rd_Bristol_Sensors_Conf_07.pdf, last access: 28 August 2009, 2008.
Paul, J., Scholin, C., v. den Engh, G., and Perry, M. J.: A sea of microbes. In situ instrumentation, Oceanography, 20, 70–78, 2007.
Prien, R. D.: The future of chemical in situ sensors, Mar. Chem., 107, 422–432, 2007.
Prien, R. D., Connelly, D. P., and German, C. R.: In situ chemical analyser for the determination of dissolved Fe(II) and Mn(II), Ocean Sciences Meeting 2006, Honolulu, HI, USA, OS44B-06, 2006.
Prüss, A.: A review of epidemiological studies from exposure to recreational water. Int. J. Epidemiol., 27, 1–9, 1998.
Quilliam, M. A.: Chemical methods for lipophilic shellfish toxins, in: Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, edited by: Hallegraeff, G. M., Anderson, D. M., and Cembella, A. D., Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, 11, 211–245, UNESCO, Paris, 2003.
Reinart, A. and Kutser, T.: Comparison of different satellite sensors in detecting cyanobacterial bloom events in the Baltic Sea, Remote Sens. Environ., 102(1–2), 74–85, 2006.
Remsen, A., Samson, S., and Hopkins, T.: What you see is not what you catch: a comparison of concurrently collected net, optical plankton counter and shadowed image particle profiling and evaluation recorder data from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, Deep Sea Res. I, 51, 129–151, 2004.
Rios, L. M., Moore, C., and Jones, P. R.: Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment, Mar. Poll. Bull., 54(8), 1230–1237, 2007.
Robbins, I. C., Kirkpatrick, G. J., Blackwell, S. M., Hillier, J., Knight, C. A., and Moline, M. A.: Improved monitoring of HABs using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), Harmful Algae, 5, 749–761, 2006.
Rohde, P., Busch, J. A., Henkel, R. H., Voss, D., and Zielinski, O.: Detection and identification of hydrocarbons in marine waters using time-resolved laser-fluorescence: Set-up and first results of a new submersible sensor, Proceedings of Oceans, 1–5, 2009.
Rossini, G. P.: Functional assays in marine biotoxin detection, Toxicology, 207, 451–462, 2005.
Rutten, T. P. A., Sandee, B., and Hofman, A. R. T.: Phytoplankton monitoring by high performance flow cytometry: A successful approach? Cytometry Part A, 64A(1), 16–26, 2005.
Ryan, P. G., Connell, A. D., and Gardner, B. D.: Plastic ingestion and PCBs in seabirds: Is there a relationship?, Mar. Poll. Bull, 19, 174–176, 1988.
Sakamoto, C. M. Johnson, K. S., and Coletti, L. J.: Improved algorithm for the computation of nitrate concentrations in seawater using an in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer, Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth., 7, 132–143, 2009.
Schmidt, H., Bich Ha, N. Pfannkuche, J., Amann, H., Kronfeldt, H.-D., and Kowalewska, G.: Detection of PAHs in seawater using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), Mar. Poll. Bull., 49(3) 229–234, 2004.
Scholin, C. A.: What are "ecogenomic sensors?" – a review and thoughts for the future, Ocean Sci. Discuss., 6, 191–213, 2009.
Scholin, C. A., Doucette, G. J., and Cembella, A. D.: Prospects for developing automated systems for in situ detection of harmful algae and their toxins, in: Real-Time Coastal Observing Systems for Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms, edited by: Babin, M., Roesler C. S., and Cullen, J. J., 413–462, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, France, 2008.
Scholin, C. A., Doucette, G. J., Jensen, S., Roman, B., Partett, D., Marin III, R., Jones, P. W., Feldman, J., Everlove, C., Harris, A., Alvarado, N., Massion, E., Birch, J., Greenfield, D., Vrijenhoek, R., Mikulski, C., and Jpnes, K.: Remote detection of marine microbes, small invertebrates, harmful algae and biotoxins using the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP), Oceanography, 22, 158–167, 2009.
Schulz, J., Mengedoht, D., Barz, K., Basilico, A., Henrich, M., and Hirche H.-J.: LOKI- Lightframe On-sight Keyspecies Investigation – Remote sensing of zooplankton, in: Observing the coastal sea – An Atlas of Advanced Monitoring techniques, edited by: Doerffer, R., Colijn, F., and van Beusekom, J., LOICZ Reports & Studies No. 33 Geesthacht, Germany, GKSS Research Centre, ISSN 1383 4304, 2008.
Sesay, A. M. and Cullen, D. C.: Detection of hormone mimics in water using a miniturised SPR Sensor, Environ. Monit. Assess., 70(1), 83–92, 2001.
Sieracki, C. K., Sieracki, M. E., and Yentsch, C. S.: An imaging-in-flow system for automated analysis of marine microplankton, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 168, 285–296, 1998.
Solé, S., Merkoci, A., and Alegret, S.: Determination of toxic substances based on enzyme inhibition. Part II. Electrochemical biosensors for the determination of pesticides using flow systems, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 33, 127–143, 2003.
Spangler, B. D., Wilkinson, E. A., Murphy, J. T., and Tyler, B. J.: Comparison of the Spreeta surface plasmon resonance sensor and a quartz crystal microbalance for the detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, Anal. Chim. Acta, 444, 149–161, 2001.
Spear, A., Daly, K., Huffman, D., and Garcia-Rubio, L.: Progress in developing a new detection method for the harmful algal bloom species, Karenia brevis, through multiwavelength spectroscopy, Harmful Algae, 8(2), 189–195, 2009.
Steidinger, K. A., Landsberg, J. H., Tomas, C. R., and Burns, J. W.: Harmful Algal Blooms in Florida, unpublished technical report submitted to the Florida Harmful Algal Bloom Task Force, Florida Marine Research Institute, 683 pp., online available at: http://www.gomrc.org/docs/HAB_In_Florida_March_1999.pdf, 1999.
Straub, T. M. and Chandler, D. P.: Towards a unified system for detecting waterborne pathogens, J. Microbiol. Meth., 53, 185–197, 2003.
Stumpf, R. P.: Applications of satellite ocean color remote sensors for monitoring and predicting Harmful Algal Blooms, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 7(5), 1363–1368, 2001.
Stumpf, R. P., Culver, M. E., Tester, P. A., Tomlinson, M., Kirkpatrick, G. J., Pederson, B. A., Truby, E., Ransibrahmanakul, V., and Soracco, M.: Monitoring Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico using satellite ocean color imagery and other data, Harmful Algae, 2, 147–160, 2003.
Suri, C. R., Raje, M., and Varshney, G. C.: Immunosensors for pesticide analysis: antibody production and sensor development, Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 22, 15–32, 2002.
Tarancón, A., García, J. F., and Rauret, G.: Development of a radiochemical sensor. Part I: Feasibility study, Anal. Chim. Acta, 538, 233–239, 2005.
Taylor, S., Tindall, R. F., and Syms, R. R. A.: Silicon based quadrupole mass spectrometry using microelectromechanical systems, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 19(2), 557–562, 2001.
Tercier, M.-L., Buffle, J., and Graziottin, F.: A novel voltammetric in situ profiling system for continuous real-time monitoring of trace elements in natural waters, Electroanalysis, 10, 355–363, 1998.
Tercier-Waeber, M.-L., Buffle, J., Confalonieri, F., Riccardi, G., Sina, A., Graziottin, F., Fiaccabrino, G. C., and Koudelka-Hep, M.: Submersible voltammetric probes for in situ trace element measurements in surface water, groundwater and sediment–water interface, Meas. Sci. Technol., 10, 1202–1213, 1999.
Tercier-Waeber, M.-L., Confalonieri, F., Riccardi, G., Sina, A., Nöel, S., Buffle, J., and Graziottin, F.: Multi Physical-chemical profiler for real-time in situ monitoring of trace metal speciation and master variables: Development, validation and field applications, Mar. Chem., 97, 216–235, 2005.
Tester, P. A., Shea, D., Kibler, S. R., Varnam, S. M., Black, M. D., and Litaker, R. W.: Relationships among water column toxins, cell abundance and chlorophyll concentrations during Karenia brevis blooms, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 59–72, 2008.
Teuten, E. L., Rowland, S. J., Galloway, T. S., and Thompson, R. C.: Potential for plastics to transport hydrophobic contaminants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 7759–7764, 2007.
Thompson, R. C., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, R. P., Davis, A., Rowland, S. J., John, A. W. G., McGonigle, D., and Russell, A. E.: Lost at sea: where is all the plastic?, Science, 304, p. 838, 2004.
Thyssen, M., Tarran, G. A., Zubkov, M. V., Holland, R. J., Grégori, G., Burkill, P. H., and Denis, M.: The emerge of automated high-frequency flow cytometry: revealing temporal and spatial phytoplankton variability, J. Plank. Res., 30, 333–343, 2008.
Tillmann, U., Elbrächter, M., Krock, B., John, U., and Cembella, A. D.: Azadinium spinosum gen. et sp. nov (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins, Eur. J. Phycol., 44(1), 63–79, 2009.
Tsabaris, C., Mallios, A., and Papathanasiou, E.: Instrumentation for underwater in-situ radon analysis, Sea Technol., 49(3), 21–26, 2008a.
Tsabaris, C., Bagatelas, C., Dakladas, T., Papadopoulos, C. T., Vlastou, R., and Chronis, G. T.: An autonomous in situ detection system for radioactivity measurements in the marine environment, Appl. Radiat. Isotop., 66(10), 1419–1426, 2008b.
Tschmelak, J., Proll, G., and Gauglitz, G.: Optical biosensor for pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, hormones, endocrine disrupting chemicals and pesticides in water: Assay optimization process for estrone as example, Talanta 65(2), 313–323, 2005.
UNEP: Guidance for a Global Monitoring Programme for persistent organic Pollutants. UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland, 105 pp., 2004.
Verma, A., Uzun, O., Hu, Y., Hu, Y., Han, H.-S., Watson, N., Chen S., Irvine, D. J., and Stellacci, F.: Surface-structure-regulated cell-membrane penetration by monolayer-protected nanoparticles, Nature Materials, 7(7), 588–595, 2008.
Waldmann, C., Tamburri, M., Prien, R. D., and Fietzek, P.: Assessment of sensor performance, Ocean Sci. Discuss., 6, 1687–1716, 2009.
Wang, Z. A., Liu, X., Byrne, R. H., Wanninkof, R., Bernstein, R. E., Kaltenbacher, E. A., and Patten, J.: Simultaneous spectrophotometric flow-through measurements of pH, carbon dioxide fugacity, and total inorganic carbon in seawater, Anal. Chim. Acta, 596, 23–36, 2007.
WHO: Guidelines for safe recreational-water environments, Volume 1: Coastal and fresh waters, 2001.
Wiebe, P. H. and Benfield, M. C.: From the Hensen net toward four-dimensional biological oceanography, Prog. Oceanogr., 56, 7–136, 2003.
Wedekind, Ch., Schilling, G., Grüttmüller, M., and Becker, K.: Gamma-radiation monitoring network at sea, Appl. Radiat. Isotop., 50, 733–741, 1999.
Wells, P. G., Depledge, M. H., Butler, J. N., Manock, J. J., and Knap, A. H.: Rapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoring of marine contaminants – exploiting the potential of rapid biomarker assays and microscale toxicity tests, Mar. Poll. Bull., 42(10), 799–804, 2001.
WHO: Guidelines for safe recreational-water environments. Volume 1: Coastal and fresh waters, 2001.
Worden, A. Z., Seidel, M., Smriga, S., Wick, A., Malfatti, F., Bartlett, D., and Azam, F.: Trophic regulation of Vibrio cholerae in coastal marine waters, Environ. Microbiol., 8, 21–29, 2006.
Zielinski, O., Andrews, R., Göbel, J., Hanslik, M., Hunsänger, T., and Reuter, R.: Operational airborne hydrographic laser remote sensing. Lidar remote sensing of Land and Sea, edited by: Reuter, R., EARSeL Proceedings, 1, 53–60, 2001.
Zielinski, O.: Airborne pollution surveillance using multi-sensor systems, Sea Technol., 44 (10), 28–32, 2003.
Zielinski, O., Hengstermann, T., and Robbe, N.: Detection of oil spills by airborne sensors, in: Marine Surface Films, edited by: Gade, M., Hühnerfuss, H., and Korenowski, G. M., 255–271, Springer, 2006a.
Zielinski, O., Cembella, B., and Heuermann, R.: Bio-optical sensors onboard autonomous profiling floats. Proceedings of OMAE06: 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Artic Engineering, 4–9 June 2006 Hamburg, 1–5, 2006b.
Zielinski, O., Fiedler, B., Heuermann, R., Körtzinger, A., Kopiske, E., Meinecke, G., and Munderloh, K.: A new nitrate continuous observation sensor for autonomous sub-surface applications: Technical design and first results. IEEE, Proceedings of the International Conference on Marine Challenges: From Coastline to Deep Sea, Aberdeen, 18–22 June 2007, 1–4, 2007.
Zielinski, O. and Brehm, R.: Hyperspectral multi-parameter sensing for marine environmental security, International Ocean Systems, 11(6), 19–21, 2007.
Zimmermann, U., Skrivanek, T., and Löhmannsröben, H. G.: Fluorescence quenching of polycyclic aromatic compounds by humic substances: Part 1. Methodology for the determination of sorption coefficients, J. Environ. Monit., 1, 525–32, 1999.
