Articles | Volume 21, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-965-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-965-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Overlapping turbulent boundary layers in an energetic coastal sea
Arnaud F. Valcarcel
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Ōtepi / Dunedin, Aotearoa / New Zealand
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ocean Observations, Te Whanganui-a-Tara / Wellington, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Oceanly Science Limited, Te Whanganui-a-Tara / Wellington, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Craig L. Stevens
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ocean Observations, Te Whanganui-a-Tara / Wellington, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Joanne M. O'Callaghan
Oceanly Science Limited, Te Whanganui-a-Tara / Wellington, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Sutara H. Suanda
Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, University of North Carolina in Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
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Jessica Kolbusz, Devin Harrison, Nicole Jones, Joanne O'Callaghan, Taimoor Sohail, Todd Bond, Heather Stewart, and Alan Jamieson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4709, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4709, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
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The bottom mixed layer is where water at the seafloor mixes with the water column above it, helping to move heat and nutrients around the ocean. Using new observations from the Pacific Ocean and publicly available data, we found that depth, seafloor shape, and internal wave energy losses explain much of the variation in the bottom mixed layer thickness. Our findings offer new insights into how these seafloor regions change over an abyssal region and where future measurements should focus.
Cynthia E. Bluteau, Danielle Wain, Julia C. Mullarney, and Craig L. Stevens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4433, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4433, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
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This article provides best practices for estimating an ocean turbulence parameter, epsilon, from velocity measurements. Improper data handling can lead to significant errors in the estimated mixing, propagating into estimates of heat transfers, salt, dissolved gases, and nutrients. The article explains how to process velocity datasets using benchmark datasets from different instruments and platforms in varied ocean environments. The datasets allow users to test their processing algorithms.
Liv Cornelissen, Sukyoung Yun, Jasmin McInerney, Brett Grant, Fiona Elliot, Seung-Tae Yoon, Christopher J. Zappa, Won Sang Lee, and Craig Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-540, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-540, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
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We present a decade-long mooring time series from southern Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, begun in December 2014 as the “DITx” array. Three sites around the Drygalski Ice Tongue record temperature, salinity, pressure, and currents. The data highlight seasonal cycles and variability, informing studies of water mass formation, ice–ocean interactions, glaciology, and regional ecosystems.
Shenjie Zhou, Pierre Dutrieux, Claudia F. Giulivi, Adrian Jenkins, Alessandro Silvano, Christopher Auckland, E. Povl Abrahamsen, Michael P. Meredith, Irena Vaňková, Keith W. Nicholls, Peter E. D. Davis, Svein Østerhus, Arnold L. Gordon, Christopher J. Zappa, Tiago S. Dotto, Theodore A. Scambos, Kathyrn L. Gunn, Stephen R. Rintoul, Shigeru Aoki, Craig Stevens, Chengyan Liu, Sukyoung Yun, Tae-Wan Kim, Won Sang Lee, Markus Janout, Tore Hattermann, Julius Lauber, Elin Darelius, Anna Wåhlin, Leo Middleton, Pasquale Castagno, Giorgio Budillon, Karen J. Heywood, Jennifer Graham, Stephen Dye, Daisuke Hirano, and Una Kim Miller
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-54, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-54, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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We created the first standardised dataset of in-situ ocean measurements time series from around Antarctica collected since 1970s. This includes temperature, salinity, pressure, and currents recorded by instruments deployed in icy, challenging conditions. Our analysis highlights the dominance of tidal currents and separates these from other patterns to study regional energy distribution. This unique dataset offers a foundation for future research on Antarctic ocean dynamics and ice interactions.
Rafael Santana, Helen Macdonald, Joanne O'Callaghan, Brian Powell, Sarah Wakes, and Sutara H. Suanda
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3675–3698, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3675-2023, 2023
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We show the importance of assimilating subsurface temperature and velocity data in a model of the East Auckland Current. Assimilation of velocity increased the representation of large oceanic vortexes. Assimilation of temperature is needed to correctly simulate temperatures around 100 m depth, which is the most difficult region to simulate in ocean models. Our simulations showed improved results in comparison to the US Navy global model and highlight the importance of regional models.
Joao Marcos Azevedo Correia de Souza, Sutara H. Suanda, Phellipe P. Couto, Robert O. Smith, Colette Kerry, and Moninya Roughan
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 211–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-211-2023, 2023
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The current paper describes the configuration and evaluation of the Moana Ocean Hindcast, a > 25-year simulation of the ocean state around New Zealand using the Regional Ocean Modeling System v3.9. This is the first open-access, long-term, continuous, realistic ocean simulation for this region and provides information for improving the understanding of the ocean processes that affect the New Zealand exclusive economic zone.
Madelaine Rosevear, Benjamin Galton-Fenzi, and Craig Stevens
Ocean Sci., 18, 1109–1130, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1109-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1109-2022, 2022
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Understanding ocean-driven melting of Antarctic ice shelves is critical for predicting future sea level. However, ocean observations from beneath ice shelves are scarce. Here, we present unique ocean and melting data from the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica. We use our observations to evaluate common methods of representing melting in ocean–climate models (melting
parameterisations) and show that these parameterisations overestimate melting when the ocean is warm and/or currents are weak.
Craig Stevens, Natalie Robinson, Gabby O'Connor, and Brett Grant
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-249, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-249, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
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Along Antarctica's coastal margin melting ice shelves create plumes of very cold sea water. In some circumstances the water is so cold that ice crystals exist in suspension. We present evidence from near the McMurdo Ice Shelf of ice crystals far larger than normal (by an order of magnitude or more). The crystal behaviour is examined by combining measurements of the crystal motion with ocean flow and turbulence data. This helps us make links between ice shelf melting and sea ice formation.
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Short summary
This paper describes underwater robotic measurements in an energetic strait. The data show how energy is transferred from winds and tides to turbulent processes. Boundary layers of strong turbulence affected the water from surface to seafloor across an unusually deep extent, except when fresher or warmer waters moved into the region. Numerical models revealed that turbulent energy transport allowed boundary layers to interact. This phenomenon may impact the biological structure of coastal seas.
This paper describes underwater robotic measurements in an energetic strait. The data show how...
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