Articles | Volume 21, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1833-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1833-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Aug 2025
Research article |
| 29 Aug 2025
| 29 Aug 2025
Cross-canyon variability in zooplankton backscattering strength in a river-influenced upwelling area
Macarena Díaz-Astudillo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile
Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Coastal, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Deoxygenation in the Eastern South Pacific Ocean (DEOXS), Concepción, Chile
Manuel I. Castillo
Centro de Observación y Análisis del Océano Costero (COSTAR-UV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
Centro de Instrumentación Oceanográfica (CIO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Pedro A. Figueroa
Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Leonardo R. Castro
Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Coastal, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Ramiro Riquelme-Bugueño
Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Deoxygenation in the Eastern South Pacific Ocean (DEOXS), Concepción, Chile
Iván Pérez-Santos
Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Coastal, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Centro i-mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
Oscar Pizarro
Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Concepción, Chile
Centro de Instrumentación Oceanográfica (CIO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Gonzalo S. Saldías
Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile
Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Coastal, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Iván Pérez-Santos, Pamela Linford, Luis Rozas, Osvaldo Artal, Elías Pinilla, Lauren Ross, Patricio Díaz, Marcela Rojas, Guido Mancilla-Gutiérrez, Gabriel Soto, and Ivonne Montes
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2889, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2889, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
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The ocean deoxygenation has accelerated globally, driven by warming and diminishing deep-water ventilation. The objective of this work is to quantify the contributions of turbulent and diapycnal mixing to water ventilation, as evidenced by upward oxygen transport from deep to subsurface layers in the northern Patagonian fjords. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating turbulence measurements into fjord studies to understand sensitivity to significant oxygen variability.
Maibelin Castillo-Alvarez, Oscar Pizarro, Alain Muñoz-Caravaca, Iván Pérez-Santos, David Carrasco, David Francisco Bustos-Usta, and Laura Castellanos-Torres
Ocean Sci., 22, 1409–1427, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1409-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1409-2026, 2026
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We examine 2003–2022 sea-surface temperature (SST) in Cuba's Jardines de la Reina National Park. Using standard marine heatwave metrics and climate-mode indices, we show how large-scale patterns drive SST changes at different scales and in marine heatwave frequency, duration, and intensity. Findings help explain recent extremes and support reef conservation and early-warning efforts in the Caribbean.
Camila Sola-Hidalgo, Iván Pérez-Santos, Manuel Castillo, Marcela Cornejo, Ángela Baldrich, and Maibelin Castillo-Álvarez
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2329, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2329, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
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This study investigates the influence of climate change and physical drivers on dissolved oxygen (DO) renewal in northern Patagonian fjords. The research identifies two distinct scales of oxygen recovery: seasonal ventilation periods and synoptic-scale ventilation pulses. Key drivers, including onshore Ekman transport and wind-driven downwelling, were found to be the primary mechanisms delivering oxygen-rich water to deeper layers, especially from winter to spring.
Cécile Pujol, Alexander Barth, Iván Pérez-Santos, Pamela Linford, and Aida Alvera-Azcárate
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-42, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-42, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
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In this study, we present the first high-resolution, four-dimensional temperature climatology for Northern Chilean Patagonia, a region characterised by a complex network of fjords and channels. The climatology win based on approximately three million in situ observations collected over the past 75 years and interpolated into continuous temperature fields with a horizontal resolution of about 900 m and 32 vertical levels, providing monthly and daily fields from the surface to 400 m depth.
Marcela Rojas-Celis, Manuel I. Castillo, Iván Pérez-Santos, Carmen Barrios-Guzmán, José Garcés-Vargas, Alicia Guerrero, Mauricio F. Landaeta, Andrea Piñones, and Maritza Sepúlveda
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5846, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5846, 2025
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The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates (ε) in Chilean Patagonia spanning 10-9 to 10-5 W kg⁻2 was maxima at sills and constrictions. The northern fjords had strong seasonal stratification by freshwater input, while southern regions are mixed by tidal forcing. These results underscore the critical control of topography and tidal forcing on mixing heterogeneity, providing a framework for projecting the response of these ecosystems to climate-driven changes.
Manuel I. Castillo, Constanza Zuñiga, Carmen Barrios-Guzmán, Natalia Cisternas, José Garces-Vargas, Mauricio F. Landaeta, Andrea Piñones, Marcela Rojas-Celis, Alicia I. Guerrero, and Maritza Sepúlveda
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5692, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5692, 2025
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The study use several CTD measurement to describe the seasonality of the stratification and mixing of one of the southernmost Fjords of Patagonia: The Almirantazgo Fjord. In the region, typically tidal was quoted as the most important forcing to mix the inner-sea of Tierra del Fuego, here the study shows that the persistent along-fjord wind-stress could be as important as the freshwater input to the fjord.
Pilar Aparicio-Rizzo, Dagoberto Poblete-Caballero, Cristian Vera-Bastidas, Iván Pérez-Santos, and Daniel Varela
Ocean Sci., 21, 2379–2395, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2379-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2379-2025, 2025
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This work combines a hyperspectral sensor and an unmanned aerial vehicle to detect and differentiate phytoplankton species from optical data in Patagonian fjords at local scale. The results show differences between in situ spectral signals, especially in the blue, green and red near-infrared spectra, distinguishing between diatom and dinoflagellate. These tools are useful especially in coastal areas where cloud cover and geographical heterogeneity make satellite data acquisition difficult.
Lenna Ortiz-Castillo, Oscar Pizarro, Marcela Cornejo-D'Ottone, and Boris Dewitte
Biogeosciences, 22, 4261–4289, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4261-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4261-2025, 2025
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Poleward undercurrent eddies (Puddies) transport the source water mass with low oxygen hundreds of kilometers away from the coast. A simulation based on a physical–biogeochemical model was used to characterize the average biogeochemical conditions inside the Puddies during their lifetime while modifying the conditions in the open sea. Our findings show that the biological activity extends the low-oxygen core conditions counteracted by advection processes that tend to ventilate the core.
Cécile Pujol, Alexander Barth, Iván Pérez-Santos, Pamela Muñoz-Linford, and Aida Alvera-Azcárate
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1421, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1421, 2025
Preprint archived
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Marine heatwaves and cold spells are periods of extreme sea temperatures. This study focuses on Chilean Northern Patagonia, a fjord region vulnerable due to its aquaculture. It aims to understand these events' distribution and identify the most affected basins. Results show higher intensity in enclosed areas like Reloncaví Sound and Puyuhuapi Fjord. Marine heatwaves are becoming more frequent over time, while cold spells are decreasing.
Manuel Torres-Godoy, Oscar Pizarro, Boris Dewitte, and Vera Oerder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1311, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1311, 2025
Preprint archived
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The Southeast Pacific plays a key role in transporting deep ocean water toward the Southern Ocean through a deep southward flow along the Chilean coast. This study explores its variations and links to El Niño–Southern Oscillation. We found that the deep flow strengthens during El Niño and weakens during La Niña. These changes are tied to large-scale ocean shifts and energy transfers from surface to deep waters. Smaller-scale ocean processes also influence the flow, especially near the coast.
Pedro A. Figueroa, Gonzalo S. Saldías, and Susan E. Allen
Ocean Sci., 21, 643–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-643-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-643-2025, 2025
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Submarine canyons are topographic features found along the continental slope worldwide. Here we use numerical simulations to study how a submarine canyon influences the circulation near the coast when winds moving poleward influence the region. Our results show that submarine canyons modify the circulation near the coast, causing strong velocities perpendicular to the coast. These changes can trap particles inside the canyon, an important mechanism to explain its role as a biological hotspot.
Pamela Linford, Iván Pérez-Santos, Paulina Montero, Patricio A. Díaz, Claudia Aracena, Elías Pinilla, Facundo Barrera, Manuel Castillo, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Mónica Alvarado, Gabriel Soto, Cécile Pujol, Camila Schwerter, Sara Arenas-Uribe, Pilar Navarro, Guido Mancilla-Gutiérrez, Robinson Altamirano, Javiera San Martín, and Camila Soto-Riquelme
Biogeosciences, 21, 1433–1459, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, 2024
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The Patagonian fjords comprise a world region where low-oxygen water and hypoxia conditions are observed. An in situ dataset was used to quantify the mechanism involved in the presence of these conditions in northern Patagonian fjords. Water mass analysis confirmed the contribution of Equatorial Subsurface Water in the advection of the low-oxygen water, and hypoxic conditions occurred when the community respiration rate exceeded the gross primary production.
Julio Salcedo-Castro, Antonio Olita, Freddy Saavedra, Gonzalo S. Saldías, Raúl C. Cruz-Gómez, and Cristian D. De la Torre Martínez
Ocean Sci., 19, 1687–1703, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1687-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1687-2023, 2023
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Considering the relevance and impact of river discharges on the coastal environment, it is necessary to understand the processes associated with river plume dynamics in different regions and at different scales. Modeling studies focused on the eastern Pacific coast under the influence of the Humboldt Current are scarce. Here, we conduct for the first time an interannual modeling study of two river plumes off central Chile and discuss their characteristics.
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Short summary
Submarine canyons are known hotspots of marine productivity and biodiversity, but we do not fully understand why. We studied a submarine canyon located in central Chile and found that it is a highly dynamic environment in both space and time. We think that the alternating currents and the contrasting distribution of zooplankton within the canyon might interact to promote zooplankton retention. Our results help to explain why submarine canyons host such high zooplankton diversity and abundance.
Submarine canyons are known hotspots of marine productivity and biodiversity, but we do not...
