Articles | Volume 18, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1559-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1559-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Dimethyl sulfide cycling in the sea surface microlayer in the southwestern Pacific – Part 2: Processes and rates
Alexia D. Saint-Macary
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research, Wellington,
6021, New Zealand
Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New
Zealand
Andrew Marriner
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research, Wellington,
6021, New Zealand
Stacy Deppeler
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research, Wellington,
6021, New Zealand
Karl A. Safi
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, 3216,
New Zealand
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research, Wellington,
6021, New Zealand
Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New
Zealand
Related authors
Manon Rocco, Erin Dunne, Alexia Saint-Macary, Maija Peltola, Theresa Barthelmeß, Neill Barr, Karl Safi, Andrew Marriner, Stacy Deppeler, James Harnwell, Anja Engel, Aurélie Colomb, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Mike Harvey, Cliff S. Law, and Karine Sellegri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-516, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-516, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
During the Sea2cloud campaign in the Southern Pacific Ocean, we measured air-sea emissions from phytopankton of two key atmospheric compounds: DMS and MeSH. These compounds are well-known to play a great role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. We see in this paper that these compounds are most emited by the nanophytoplankton population. We provide here parameters for climate models to predict future trends of the emissions of these compounds and their roles and impacts on the global warming.
Alexia D. Saint-Macary, Andrew Marriner, Theresa Barthelmeß, Stacy Deppeler, Karl Safi, Rafael Costa Santana, Mike Harvey, and Cliff S. Law
Ocean Sci., 19, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The uppermost oceanic layer was sampled to determine what can explain a potential dimethyl sulfide (DMS) enrichment in this environment. A novel sampling method was used, and the results showed that DMS was not as enriched as expected. Our results showed that the phytoplanktonic composition influenced the DMS concentration, confirming results from another study in this oceanic region. However, additional factors are required to observe a DMS enrichment in the uppermost oceanic layer.
Theresa Barthelmeß, Karine Sellegri, Benjamin Pontiller, Lindsay Scheidemann, Karl Safi, and Anja Engel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1873, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1873, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Sea spray transports marine organic particles into the atmosphere where they contribute to climate-relevant processes such as cloud formation. We investigated small biogenic gels which were enriched in sea spray aerosols in dependence on the surface sea water conditions as e.g. defined by phytoplankton composition and different organic matter pools. Moreover, the composition of these gels was size-dependent and did not directly mirror the composition of their marine precursors.
Karine Sellegri, Theresa Barthelmeß, Jonathan Trueblood, Antonia Cristi, Evelyn Freney, Clémence Rose, Neill Barr, Mike Harvey, Karl Safi, Stacy Deppeler, Karen Thompson, Wayne Dillon, Anja Engel, and Cliff Law
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12949–12964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12949-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12949-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of sea spray emitted to the atmosphere depends on the ocean temperature, but this dependency is not well understood, especially when ocean biology is involved. In this study, we show that sea spray emissions are increased by up to a factor of 4 at low seawater temperatures compared to moderate temperatures, and we quantify the temperature dependence as a function of the ocean biogeochemistry.
Manon Rocco, Erin Dunne, Alexia Saint-Macary, Maija Peltola, Theresa Barthelmeß, Neill Barr, Karl Safi, Andrew Marriner, Stacy Deppeler, James Harnwell, Anja Engel, Aurélie Colomb, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Mike Harvey, Cliff S. Law, and Karine Sellegri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-516, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-516, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
During the Sea2cloud campaign in the Southern Pacific Ocean, we measured air-sea emissions from phytopankton of two key atmospheric compounds: DMS and MeSH. These compounds are well-known to play a great role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. We see in this paper that these compounds are most emited by the nanophytoplankton population. We provide here parameters for climate models to predict future trends of the emissions of these compounds and their roles and impacts on the global warming.
Alexia D. Saint-Macary, Andrew Marriner, Theresa Barthelmeß, Stacy Deppeler, Karl Safi, Rafael Costa Santana, Mike Harvey, and Cliff S. Law
Ocean Sci., 19, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The uppermost oceanic layer was sampled to determine what can explain a potential dimethyl sulfide (DMS) enrichment in this environment. A novel sampling method was used, and the results showed that DMS was not as enriched as expected. Our results showed that the phytoplanktonic composition influenced the DMS concentration, confirming results from another study in this oceanic region. However, additional factors are required to observe a DMS enrichment in the uppermost oceanic layer.
Jesse M. Vance, Kim Currie, John Zeldis, Peter W. Dillingham, and Cliff S. Law
Biogeosciences, 19, 241–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term monitoring is needed to detect changes in our environment. Time series of ocean carbon have aided our understanding of seasonal cycles and provided evidence for ocean acidification. Data gaps are inevitable, yet no standard method for filling gaps exists. We present a regression approach here and compare it to seven other common methods to understand the impact of different approaches when assessing seasonal to climatic variability in ocean carbon.
Stefanie Kremser, Mike Harvey, Peter Kuma, Sean Hartery, Alexia Saint-Macary, John McGregor, Alex Schuddeboom, Marc von Hobe, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Alex Geddes, Richard Querel, Adrian McDonald, Maija Peltola, Karine Sellegri, Israel Silber, Cliff S. Law, Connor J. Flynn, Andrew Marriner, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Carson C. Hume, Graeme Plank, Geoffrey Graham, and Simon Parsons
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3115–3153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol–cloud interactions over the Southern Ocean are poorly understood and remain a major source of uncertainty in climate models. This study presents ship-borne measurements, collected during a 6-week voyage into the Southern Ocean in 2018, that are an important supplement to satellite-based measurements. For example, these measurements include data on low-level clouds and aerosol composition in the marine boundary layer, which can be used in climate model evaluation efforts.
Cited articles
Adamson, A. W. and Gast, A. P.: Physical chemistry of surfaces,
Interscience publishers, New York, A Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-14873-3,
1967.
Agogué, H., Casamayor, E. O., Bourrain, M., Obernosterer, I., Joux, F.,
Herndl, G. J., and Lebaron, P.: A survey on bacteria inhabiting the sea
surface microlayer of coastal ecosystems, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 54,
269–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.04.002, 2005.
Archer, S. D., Ragni, M., Webster, R., Airs, R. L., and Geider, R. J.:
Dimethyl sulfoniopropionate and dimethyl sulfide production in response to
photoinhibition in Emiliania huxleyi, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55,
1579–1589, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.4.1579, 2010.
Archer, S. D., Stefels, J., Airs, R. L., Lawson, T., Smyth, T. J., Rees, A.
P., and Geider, R. J.: Limitation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate synthesis at
high irradiance in natural phytoplankton communities of the Tropical
Atlantic, Limnol. Oceanogr., 63, 227–242, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10625, 2018.
Bailey, C. A., Neihof, R. A., and Tabor, P. S.: Inhibitory effect of solar
radiation on amino acid uptake in Chesapeake Bay bacteria, Appl. Environ.
Microbiol., 46, 44–49, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.46.1.44-49.1983, 1983.
Belviso, S., Christaki, U., Vidussi, F., Marty, J.-C., Vila, M., and
Delgado, M.: Diel variations of the DMSP-to-chlorophyll a ratio in
Northwestern Mediterranean surface waters, J. Mar. Syst., 25,
119–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(00)00011-7, 2000.
Bouillon, R.-C., Lee, P. A., de Mora, S. J., Levasseur, M., and Lovejoy, C.:
Vernal distribution of dimethylsulphide, dimethylsulphoniopropionate, and
dimethylsulphoxide in the North Water in 1998, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 5171–5189, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00184-4, 2002.
Brimblecombe, P. and Shooter, D.: Photo-oxidation of dimethysulphide in
aqueous solution, Mar. Chem., 19, 343–353, 1986.
Brugger, A., Slezak, D., Obernosterer, I., and Herndl, G. J.: Photolysis of
dimethylsulfide in the northern Adriatic Sea: Dependence on substrate
concentration, irradiance and DOC concentration, Mar. Chem., 59,
321–331, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00090-X, 1998.
Carlucci, A., Craven, D., and Henrichs, S.: Surface-film microheterotrophs:
amino acid metabolism and solar radiation effects on their activities,
Mar. Biol., 85, 13–22, 1985.
Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic
phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326,
655–661, 1987.
Conrad, R. and Seiler, W.: Influence of the Surface Microlayer on the Flux
of Nonconservative Trace Gases (CO, H2, CH4, N2O) Across the
Ocean-Atmosphere Interface, J. Atmos. Chem., 6, 83–94,
1988.
Cunliffe, M., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., and Murrell, J. C.: Microbiology of
aquatic surface microlayers, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 35, 233–246, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00246.x, 2011.
Cunliffe, M., Engel, A., Frka, S., Gašparoviæ, B., Guitart, C.,
Murrell, J. C., Salter, M., Stolle, C., Upstill-Goddard, R., and Wurl, O.:
Sea surface microlayers: A unified physicochemical and biological
perspective of the air–ocean interface, Prog. Oceanogr., 109,
104–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.08.004, 2013.
Curson, A. R., Liu, J., Martínez, A. B., Green, R. T., Chan, Y.,
Carrión, O., Williams, B. T., Zhang, S.-H., Yang, G.-P., and Page, P. C.
B.: Dimethylsulfoniopropionate biosynthesis in marine bacteria and
identification of the key gene in this process, Nat. Microbiol., 2,
17009, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.9, 2017.
Dacey, J. W., Howse, F. A., Michaels, A. F., and Wakeham, S. G.: Temporal
variability of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the
Sargasso Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 45,
2085–2104, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00048-X, 1998.
Frew, N. M., Nelson, R. K., Mcgillis, W. R., Edson, J. B., Bock, E. J., and
Hara, T.: Spatial variations in surface microlayer surfactants and their
role in modulating air-sea exchange, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical
Union Geophysical Monograph Series, 127, 153–159, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM127p0153, 2002.
Frew, N. M., Bock, E. J., Schimpf, U., Hara, T., Haußecker, H., Edson,
J. B., McGillis, W. R., Nelson, R. K., McKenna, S. P., and Uz, B. M.:
Air-sea gas transfer: Its dependence on wind stress, small-scale roughness,
and surface films, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 109, C08S17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002131, 2004.
Gali, M., Ruiz-Gonzàlez, C., Lefort, T., Gasol, J. M., Cardelús, C.,
Romera-Castillo, C., and Simó, R.: Spectral irradiance dependence of
sunlight effects on plankton dimethylsulfide production, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 58, 489–504, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.2.0489, 2013.
Galí, M. and Simó, R.: A meta-analysis of oceanic DMS and DMSP
cycling processes: Disentangling the summer paradox, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 29, 496–515, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004940, 2015.
Galí, M., Simó, R., Pérez, G. L., Ruiz-González, C.,
Sarmento, H., Royer, S. J., Fuentes-Lema, A., and Gasol, J. M.: Differential
response of planktonic primary, bacterial, and dimethylsulfide production
rates to static vs. dynamic light exposure in upper mixed-layer summer sea
waters, Biogeosciences, 10, 7983–7998, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7983-2013, 2013.
Hardy, J. T.: The sea-surface microlayer – biology, chemistry and
anthropogenic enrichment, Prog. Oceanogr., 11, 307–328, 1982.
Hefu, Y. and Kirst, G. O.: Effect of UV-radiation on DMSP content and DMS
formation of Phaeocystis antarctica, Polar Biol., 18, 402–409, 1997.
Herndl, G. J., Muller-Niklas, G., and Frick, J.: Major role of ultraviolet-B
in controlling bacterioplankton growth in the surface layer of the ocean,
Nature, 361, 717–719, https://doi.org/10.1038/361717a0, 1993.
Hunter, K. A.: Processes affecting particulate trace metals in the sea
surface microlayer, Mar. Chem., 9, 49–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(80)90006-7, 1980.
Keller, M. D. and Korjeff-Bellows, W.: Physiological aspects of the
production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by marine phytoplankton, in:
Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium
compounds, Springer, Boston, MA, 131–142, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0377-0_12, 1996.
Keller, M. D., Bellows, W. K., and Guillard, R. L.: Dimethyl Sulfide
Production in Marine Phytoplankton, Biogenic Sulfur in the Environment, 393,
167–182, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0393.ch011, 1989.
Kieber, D. J., Jiao, J., Kiene, R. P., and Bates, T. S.: Impact of
dimethylsulfide photochemistry on methyl sulfur cycling in the equatorial
Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 101, 3715–3722, https://doi.org/10.1029/95jc03624, 1996.
Kiene, R. P.: Production of methanethiol from dimethylsulfoniopropionate in
marine surface waters, Mar. Chem., 54, 69–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(96)00006-0, 1996.
Kiene, R. P. and Linn, L. J.: The fate of dissolved
dimethylsulfiniopropionate (DMSP) in seawater: Tracer studies using
35S-DMSP, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 64, 2797–2810, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00399-9, 2000.
Lana, A., Bell, T., Simó, R., Vallina, S., Ballabrera-Poy, J., Kettle,
A., Dachs, J., Bopp, L., Saltzman, E., and Stefels, J.: An updated
climatology of surface dimethlysulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in
the global ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB1004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003850,
2011.
Leaitch, W. R., Sharma, S., Huang, L., Toom-Sauntry, D., Chivulescu, A.,
Macdonald, A. M., von Salzen, K., Pierce, J. R., Bertram, A. K., Schroder,
J. C., Shantz, N. C., Chang, R. Y.-W., and Norman, A.-L.: Dimethyl sulfide
control of the clean summertime Arctic aerosol and cloud, Elementa, Science
of the Anthropocene, 1, 000017, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000017, 2013.
Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: Source and evolution of the marine aerosol – A new
perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023651, 2005.
Lizotte, M., Levasseur, M., Law, C. S., Walker, C. F., Safi, K. A., Marriner, A., and Kiene, R. P.: Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) cycling across contrasting biological hotspots of the New Zealand subtropical front, Ocean Sci., 13, 961–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-961-2017, 2017.
Matrai, P. A., Tranvik, L., Leck, C., and Knulst, J. C.: Are high Arctic
surface microlayers a potential source of aerosol organic precursors?,
Mar. Chem., 108, 109–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.001, 2008.
Miles, C. J., Bell, T. G., and Lenton, T. M.: Testing the relationship
between the solar radiation dose and surface DMS concentrations using in
situ data, Biogeosciences, 6, 1927–1934, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1927-2009, 2009.
Muller-Niklas, G., Heissenberger, A., Stasa, P., and Herndl, G. J.:
Ultraviolet-B radiation and bacterial metabolism in coastal waters, Aquat.
Microb. Ecol., 9, 111–116, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame009111, 1995.
Nguyen, B. C., Gaudry, A., Bonsang, B., and Lambert, G.: Reevaluation of the
role of dimethyl sulphide in the sulphur budget, Nature, 275, 637–639, https://doi.org/10.1038/275637a0, 1978.
Ortega-Retuerta, E., Passow, U., Duarte, C. M., and Reche, I.: Effects of
ultraviolet B radiation on (not so) transparent exopolymer particles,
Biogeosciences, 6, 3071–3080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-3071-2009, 2009.
Park, K. T., Jang, S., Lee, K., Yoon, Y. J., Kim, M. S., Park, K., Cho, H.
J., Kang, J. H., Udisti, R., Lee, B. Y., and Shin, K. H.: Observational
evidence for the formation of DMS-derived aerosols during Arctic
phytoplankton blooms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9665–9675, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9665-2017, 2017.
Quinn, P. K. and Bates, T. S.: The case against climate regulation via
oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions, Nature, 480, 51–56, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10580, 2011.
Reinthaler, T., Sintes, E., and Herndl, G. J.: Dissolved organic matter and
bacterial production and respiration in the sea-surface microlayer of the
open Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53,
122–136, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.1.0122, 2008.
Rellinger, A. N., Kiene, R. P., del Valle, D. A., Kieber, D. J., Slezak, D.,
Harada, H., Bisgrove, J., and Brinkley, J.: Occurrence and turnover of DMSP
and DMS in deep waters of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, Deep-Sea Res. Pt.
I, 56, 686–702, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.010,
2009.
Roslan, R. N., Hanif, N. M., Othman, M. R., Azmi, W. N., Yan, X. X., Ali, M.
M., Mohamed, C. A., and Latif, M. T.: Surfactants in the sea-surface
microlayer and their contribution to atmospheric aerosols around coastal
areas of the Malaysian peninsula, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 60, 1584–1590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.004, 2010.
Saint-Macary, A. D., Marriner, A., Barthelmeß, T., Deppeler, S., Safi, K., Costa Santana, R., Harvey, M., and Law, C. S.: DMS cycling in the Sea Surface Microlayer in the South West Pacific: 1. Enrichment potential determined using a novel sampler, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-499, 2022.
Sanchez, K. J., Chen, C.-L., Russell, L. M., Betha, R., Liu, J., Price, D.
J., Massoli, P., Ziemba, L. D., Crosbie, E. C., Moore, R. H., Müller,
M., Schiller, S. A., Wisthaler, A., Lee, A. K. Y., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T.
S., Porter, J., Bell, T. G., Saltzman, E. S., Vaillancourt, R. D., and
Behrenfeld, M. J.: Substantial Seasonal Contribution of Observed Biogenic
Sulfate Particles to Cloud Condensation Nuclei, Sci. Rep., 8, 3235, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21590-9, 2018.
Schlitzer, R.: Ocean Data View, https://odv.awi.de (last access: 13 October 2022), 2020.
Sieburth, J.: Microbiological and Organic-Chemical Processes in the Surface and Mixed Layers, in: Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles, edited by: Liss, P. S. and Slinn, W. G. N., NATO ASI Series, Vol. 108, Springer, Dordrecht, 121–172, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_3, 1983.
Simó, R. and Dachs, J.: Global ocean emission of dimethylsulfide
predicted from biogeophysical data, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16,
1078, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001829, 2002.
Simó, R. and Pedrós-Alió, C.: Short-term variability in the open
ocean cycle of dimethylsulfide, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 1173–1181, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb900081, 1999.
Simó, R., Pedrós-Alió, C., Malin, G., and Grimalt, J. O.:
Biological turnover of DMS, DMSP and DMSO in contrasting open-sea waters,
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 203, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps203001, 2000.
Slezak, D., Brugger, A., and Herndl, G. J.: Impact of solar radiation on the
biological removal of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide in
marine surface waters, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 25, 87–97, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame025087, 2001.
Slezak, D., Kiene, R. P., Toole, D. A., Simó, R., and Kieber, D. J.:
Effects of solar radiation on the fate of dissolved DMSP and conversion to
DMS in seawater, Aquat. Sci., 69, 377–393, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-007-0896-z,
2007.
Stefels, J.: Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP
in marine algae and higher plants, J. Sea Res., 43, 183–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-1101(00)00030-7, 2000.
Stefels, J., Steinke, M., Turner, S., Malin, G., and Belviso, S.:
Environmental constraints on the production and removal of the climatically
active gas dimethylsulphide (DMS) and implications for ecosystem modelling,
Biogeochemistry, 83, 245–275, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9091-5, 2007.
Stolle, C., Ribas-Ribas, M., Badewien, T. H., Barnes, J., Carpenter, L. J.,
Chance, R., Damgaard, L. R., Durán Quesada, A. M., Engel, A., Frka, S.,
Galgani, L., Gašparoviæ, B., Gerriets, M., Hamizah Mustaffa, N. I.,
Herrmann, H., Kallajoki, L., Pereira, R., Radach, F., Revsbech, N. P.,
Rickard, P., Saint, A., Salter, M., Striebel, M., Triesch, N., Uher, G.,
Upstill-Goddard, R. C., van Pinxteren, M., Zäncker, B., Zieger, P., and
Wurl, O.: The MILAN Campaign: Studying Diel Light Effects on the Air–Sea
Interface, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E146–E166, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0329.1, 2020.
Sunda, W. G., Kieber, D. J., Kiene, R. P., and Huntsman, S.: An antioxidant
function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae, Lett. Nat., 418, 317–320, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00851, 2002.
Toole, D., Slezak, D., Kiene, R., Kieber, D., and Siegel, D.: Effects of
solar radiation on dimethylsulfide cycling in the western Atlantic Ocean,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53, 136–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.09.003, 2006a.
Toole, D. A., Slezak, D., Kiene, R. P., Kieber, D. J., and Siegel, D. A.:
Effects of solar radiation on dimethylsulfide cycling in the western
Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53,
136–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.09.003, 2006b.
Upstill-Goddard, R. C., Frost, T., Henry, G. R., Franklin, M., Murrell, J.
C., and Owens, N. J.: Bacterioneuston control of air-water methane exchange
determined with a laboratory gas exchange tank, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 17, 1108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002043, 2003.
Vallina, S. M. and Simó, R.: Strong relationship between DMS and the
solar radiation dose over the global surface ocean, Science, 315, 506–508, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133680, 2007.
van Rijssel, M. and Buma, A. G.: UV radiation induced stress does not affect
DMSP synthesis in the marine prymnesiophyte Emiliania huxleyi, Aquat.
Microb. Ecol., 28, 167–174, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame028167, 2002.
Vila-Costa, M., Kiene, R. P., and Simí, R.: Seasonal variability of the
dynamics of dimethylated sulfur compounds in a coastal northwest
Mediterranean site, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 198–211, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.1.0198, 2008.
Vogt, M. and Liss, P.: Dimethylsulfide and climate, Surface Ocean-Lower
Atmosphere Processes, edited by: Le Quéré, C., and Saltzman, ES,
American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 197–232, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GM000790, 2009.
Walker, C. F., Harvey, M. J., Smith, M. J., Bell, T. G., Saltzman, E. S.,
Marriner, A. S., McGregor, J. A., and Law, C. S.: Assessing the potential
for dimethylsulfide enrichment at the sea surface and its influence on
air-sea flux, Ocean Sci., 12, 1033–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1033-2016, 2016.
Wang, W.-L., Song, G., Primeau, F., Saltzman, E. S., Bell, T. G., and Moore,
J. K.: Global ocean dimethyl sulfide climatology estimated from observations
and an artificial neural network, Biogeosciences, 17, 5335–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, 2020.
Wolfe, G. V. and Kiene, R. P.: Effects of methylated, organic, and inorganic
substrates on microbial consumption of dimethyl sulfide in estuarine waters,
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 2723–2726, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.8.2723-2726.1993, 1993.
Yang, G.-P.: Dimethylsulfide enrichment in the surface microlayer of the
South China Sea, Mar. Chem., 66, 215–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00042-0, 1999.
Yang, G.-P. and Tsunogai, S.: Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and
dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the surface microlayer of the western
North Pacific, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 52,
553–567, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.11.013, 2005.
Yang, G.-P., Tsunogai, S., and Watanabe, S.: Biogenic sulfur distribution
and cycling in the surface microlayer and subsurface water of Funka Bay and
its adjacent area, Cont. Shelf Res., 25, 557–570, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.11.001, 2005a.
Yang, G.-P., Watanabe, S., and Tsunogai, S.: Distribution and cycling of
dimethylsulfide in surface microlayer and subsurface seawater, Mar.
Chem., 76, 137–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00054-8, 2001.
Yang, G.-P., Levasseur, M., Michaud, S., and Scarratt, M.: Biogeochemistry
of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the
surface microlayer and subsurface water of the western North Atlantic during
spring, Mar. Chem., 96, 315–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.03.003, 2005b.
Yang, G.-P., Levasseur, M., Michaud, S., Merzouk, A., Lizotte, M., and
Scarratt, M.: Distribution of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate
and its relation with phytoneuston in the surface microlayer of the western
North Atlantic during summer, Biogeochemistry, 94, 243–254, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9323-y, 2009.
Yoch, D. C.: Dimethylsulfoniopropionate: Its sources, role in the marine
food web, and biological degradation to dimethylsulfide, Appl.
Environ. Microbiol., 68, 5804–5815, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.12.5804-5815.2002,
2002.
Yu, F. and Luo, G.: Oceanic Dimethyl Sulfide Emission and New Particle
Formation around the Coast of Antarctica: A Modeling Study of Seasonal
Variations and Comparison with Measurements, Atmosphere, 1, 34–50, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos1010034, 2010.
Zemmelink, H. J., Houghton, L., Sievert, S. M., Frew, N. M., and Dacey, J.
W.: Gradients in dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoniopropionate,
dimethylsulfoxide, and bacteria near the sea surface, Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., 295, 33–42, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps295033, 2005.
Zemmelink, H. J., Houghton, L., Frew, N. M., and Dacey, J. W. H.:
Dimethylsulfide and major sulfur compounds in a stratified coastal salt
pond, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 271–279, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1.0271,
2006.
Zhang, H.-H., Yang, G.-P., and Zhu, T.: Distribution and cycling of
dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the
sea-surface microlayer of the Yellow Sea, China, in spring, Cont.
Shelf Res., 28, 2417–2427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.06.003, 2008.
Zhang, H.-H., Yang, G.-P., Liu, C.-Y., and Li, C.: Seasonal variations od
dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the
sea-surface microlayer and subsurface water of Jiaozhou Bay and its adjacent
area, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 28, 73–86, 2009.
Short summary
To understand how dimethyl sulfide (DMS) enrichment is maintained in the sea surface microlayer (SML) while DMS is lost to the atmosphere, deck-board incubation was carried out to determine DMS sources and sinks. Our results showed that the phytoplankton composition played an essential role in DMS processes in the SML. However, all accumulated DMS processes were lower than the calculated air–sea DMS flux.
To understand how dimethyl sulfide (DMS) enrichment is maintained in the sea surface microlayer...
Special issue