Articles | Volume 18, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1321-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1321-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Multi-platform study of the extreme bloom of the barrel jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in the northernmost gulf of the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Trieste) in April 2021
Nydia Catalina Reyes Suárez
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Oceanography Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS, Trieste, Italy
Oceanography Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS, Trieste, Italy
Laura Ursella
Oceanography Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS, Trieste, Italy
Matjaž Ličer
Slovenian Environment Agency, Ljubljana, Slovenia
National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Piran, Slovenia
Massimo Celio
Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Friuli Venezia Giulia – FVG, Palmanova, Udine, Italy
Vanessa Cardin
Oceanography Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS, Trieste, Italy
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Cited
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The distribution characteristics of medusozoans (Cnidaria) related to environmental factors in cold source water intake area of the Fangchenggang Nuclear Power Plant based on eDNA metabarcoding technology T. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20890
- Management of jellyfish outbreaks to achieve good environmental status Y. Sagarminaga et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/focsu.2024.1449190
- The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of scyphozoan jellyfish Chrysaora chinensis (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Pelagiidae) in the coastal sea of Fangchenggang, China T. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2026.2627024
- Microwave-assisted extraction of glycosaminoglycan-like polysaccharides from Rhizostoma pulmo jellyfish N. Scacciati et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2025.109500
- Reduction of small-prey capture rate and collective predation in the bleached sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana C. Gregorin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106435
- Comparing an idealized deterministic–stochastic model (SUP model, version 1) of the tide- and wind-driven sea surface currents in the Gulf of Trieste to high-frequency radar observations S. Flora et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4685-2025
- New advances in jellyfish anatomy: the benefits of endocasts and X-ray microtomography in the investigation of the gastrovascular system of Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Scyphozoa; Rhizostomeae; Cepheidae) G. Motta et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0336682
- Impact of warming and acidification of the Mediterranean Sea on statolith formation of the scyphozoan jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo Macri (1778) M. León-Cobo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106788
- Biodiversity and distribution patterns of blooming jellyfish in the Bohai Sea revealed by eDNA metabarcoding L. Ye et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-024-02224-3
- On the effect of grid resolution and mixing schemes on mesoscale dynamics in coastal ocean models: Studies in a mid-latitude marginal sea (northern Adriatic Sea) F. Giordano et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102748
- Citizen science-based jellyfish observation initiatives in the Mediterranean Sea D. Edelist et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-025-05852-y
- The Alien Jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda in the Mediterranean Sea: Invasion Dynamics and Management Strategies P. Perzia et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans7020027
- CIMPAL-based assessment of cumulative biological pressures from invasive alien species, jellyfish blooms, and harmful algal blooms in the Italian Adriatic Sea S. Zampardi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108237
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The distribution characteristics of medusozoans (Cnidaria) related to environmental factors in cold source water intake area of the Fangchenggang Nuclear Power Plant based on eDNA metabarcoding technology T. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20890
- Management of jellyfish outbreaks to achieve good environmental status Y. Sagarminaga et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/focsu.2024.1449190
- The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of scyphozoan jellyfish Chrysaora chinensis (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Pelagiidae) in the coastal sea of Fangchenggang, China T. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2026.2627024
- Microwave-assisted extraction of glycosaminoglycan-like polysaccharides from Rhizostoma pulmo jellyfish N. Scacciati et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2025.109500
- Reduction of small-prey capture rate and collective predation in the bleached sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana C. Gregorin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106435
- Comparing an idealized deterministic–stochastic model (SUP model, version 1) of the tide- and wind-driven sea surface currents in the Gulf of Trieste to high-frequency radar observations S. Flora et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4685-2025
- New advances in jellyfish anatomy: the benefits of endocasts and X-ray microtomography in the investigation of the gastrovascular system of Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Scyphozoa; Rhizostomeae; Cepheidae) G. Motta et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0336682
- Impact of warming and acidification of the Mediterranean Sea on statolith formation of the scyphozoan jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo Macri (1778) M. León-Cobo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106788
- Biodiversity and distribution patterns of blooming jellyfish in the Bohai Sea revealed by eDNA metabarcoding L. Ye et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-024-02224-3
- On the effect of grid resolution and mixing schemes on mesoscale dynamics in coastal ocean models: Studies in a mid-latitude marginal sea (northern Adriatic Sea) F. Giordano et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102748
- Citizen science-based jellyfish observation initiatives in the Mediterranean Sea D. Edelist et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-025-05852-y
- The Alien Jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda in the Mediterranean Sea: Invasion Dynamics and Management Strategies P. Perzia et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans7020027
- CIMPAL-based assessment of cumulative biological pressures from invasive alien species, jellyfish blooms, and harmful algal blooms in the Italian Adriatic Sea S. Zampardi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108237
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Sep 2026
Short summary
Explaining the dynamics of jellyfish blooms is a challenge for scientists. Biological and meteo-oceanographic data were combined on different timescales to explain the exceptional bloom of the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo in the Gulf of Trieste (Adriatic Sea) in April 2021. The bloom was associated with anomalously warm seasonal sea conditions. Then, a strong bora wind event enhanced upwelling and mixing of the water column, causing jellyfish to rise to the surface and accumulate along the coast.
Explaining the dynamics of jellyfish blooms is a challenge for scientists. Biological and...