Articles | Volume 17, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-935-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-935-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Jul 2021
Research article |
| 15 Jul 2021
| 15 Jul 2021
Surface atmospheric forcing as the driver of long-term pathways and timescales of ocean ventilation
Alice Marzocchi
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
A. J. George Nurser
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Louis Clément
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Elaine L. McDonagh
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Related authors
Phoebe A. Hudson, Adrien C. H. Martin, Simon A. Josey, Alice Marzocchi, and Athanasios Angeloudis
Ocean Sci., 20, 341–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite salinity data are used for the first time to study variability in Arctic freshwater transport from the Lena River and are shown to be a valuable tool for studying this region. These data confirm east/westerly wind is the main control on fresh water and sea ice transport rather than the volume of river runoff. The strong role of the wind suggests understanding how wind patterns will change is key to predicting future Arctic circulation and sea ice concentration.
Jennifer Cocks, Alessandro Silvano, Alice Marzocchi, Oana Dragomir, Noémie Schifano, Anna E. Hogg, and Alberto C. Naveira Garabato
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3050, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3050, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Heat and freshwater fluxes in the Southern Ocean mediate global ocean circulation and abyssal ventilation. These fluxes manifest as changes in steric height: sea level anomalies from changes in ocean density. We compute the steric height anomaly of the Southern Ocean using satellite data and validate it against in-situ observations. We analyse interannual patterns, drawing links to climate variability, and discuss the effectiveness of the method, highlighting issues and suggesting improvements.
Xavier Crosta, Karen E. Kohfeld, Helen C. Bostock, Matthew Chadwick, Alice Du Vivier, Oliver Esper, Johan Etourneau, Jacob Jones, Amy Leventer, Juliane Müller, Rachael H. Rhodes, Claire S. Allen, Pooja Ghadi, Nele Lamping, Carina B. Lange, Kelly-Anne Lawler, David Lund, Alice Marzocchi, Katrin J. Meissner, Laurie Menviel, Abhilash Nair, Molly Patterson, Jennifer Pike, Joseph G. Prebble, Christina Riesselman, Henrik Sadatzki, Louise C. Sime, Sunil K. Shukla, Lena Thöle, Maria-Elena Vorrath, Wenshen Xiao, and Jiao Yang
Clim. Past, 18, 1729–1756, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1729-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1729-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Despite its importance in the global climate, our knowledge of Antarctic sea-ice changes throughout the last glacial–interglacial cycle is extremely limited. As part of the Cycles of Sea Ice Dynamics in the Earth system (C-SIDE) Working Group, we review marine- and ice-core-based sea-ice proxies to provide insights into their applicability and limitations. By compiling published records, we provide information on Antarctic sea-ice dynamics over the past 130 000 years.
Paul J. Valdes, Edward Armstrong, Marcus P. S. Badger, Catherine D. Bradshaw, Fran Bragg, Michel Crucifix, Taraka Davies-Barnard, Jonathan J. Day, Alex Farnsworth, Chris Gordon, Peter O. Hopcroft, Alan T. Kennedy, Natalie S. Lord, Dan J. Lunt, Alice Marzocchi, Louise M. Parry, Vicky Pope, William H. G. Roberts, Emma J. Stone, Gregory J. L. Tourte, and Jonny H. T. Williams
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3715–3743, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3715-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3715-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the family of climate models used by the BRIDGE research group at the University of Bristol as well as by various other institutions. These models are based on the UK Met Office HadCM3 models and here we describe the various modifications which have been made as well as the key features of a number of configurations in use.
A. Marzocchi, D. J. Lunt, R. Flecker, C. D. Bradshaw, A. Farnsworth, and F. J. Hilgen
Clim. Past, 11, 1271–1295, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the climatic response to orbital forcing through the analysis of an ensemble of simulations covering a late Miocene precession cycle. Including orbital variability in our model–data comparison reduces the mismatch between the proxy record and model output. Our results indicate that ignoring orbital variability could lead to miscorrelations in proxy reconstructions. The North African summer monsoon's sensitivity is high to orbits, moderate to paleogeography and low to CO2.
Phoebe A. Hudson, Adrien C. H. Martin, Simon A. Josey, Alice Marzocchi, and Athanasios Angeloudis
Ocean Sci., 20, 341–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite salinity data are used for the first time to study variability in Arctic freshwater transport from the Lena River and are shown to be a valuable tool for studying this region. These data confirm east/westerly wind is the main control on fresh water and sea ice transport rather than the volume of river runoff. The strong role of the wind suggests understanding how wind patterns will change is key to predicting future Arctic circulation and sea ice concentration.
Jennifer Cocks, Alessandro Silvano, Alice Marzocchi, Oana Dragomir, Noémie Schifano, Anna E. Hogg, and Alberto C. Naveira Garabato
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3050, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3050, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Heat and freshwater fluxes in the Southern Ocean mediate global ocean circulation and abyssal ventilation. These fluxes manifest as changes in steric height: sea level anomalies from changes in ocean density. We compute the steric height anomaly of the Southern Ocean using satellite data and validate it against in-situ observations. We analyse interannual patterns, drawing links to climate variability, and discuss the effectiveness of the method, highlighting issues and suggesting improvements.
Xavier Crosta, Karen E. Kohfeld, Helen C. Bostock, Matthew Chadwick, Alice Du Vivier, Oliver Esper, Johan Etourneau, Jacob Jones, Amy Leventer, Juliane Müller, Rachael H. Rhodes, Claire S. Allen, Pooja Ghadi, Nele Lamping, Carina B. Lange, Kelly-Anne Lawler, David Lund, Alice Marzocchi, Katrin J. Meissner, Laurie Menviel, Abhilash Nair, Molly Patterson, Jennifer Pike, Joseph G. Prebble, Christina Riesselman, Henrik Sadatzki, Louise C. Sime, Sunil K. Shukla, Lena Thöle, Maria-Elena Vorrath, Wenshen Xiao, and Jiao Yang
Clim. Past, 18, 1729–1756, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1729-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1729-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Despite its importance in the global climate, our knowledge of Antarctic sea-ice changes throughout the last glacial–interglacial cycle is extremely limited. As part of the Cycles of Sea Ice Dynamics in the Earth system (C-SIDE) Working Group, we review marine- and ice-core-based sea-ice proxies to provide insights into their applicability and limitations. By compiling published records, we provide information on Antarctic sea-ice dynamics over the past 130 000 years.
Charles E. Turner, Peter J. Brown, Kevin I. C. Oliver, and Elaine L. McDonagh
Ocean Sci., 18, 523–548, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean heat and carbon content increase proportionately as the planet warms. However, circulation changes in response to changing heat content, redistributing preindustrial heat, carbon, and salinity fields. Redistribution leaves properties unchanged, so we may leverage our skill identifying preindustrial carbon in order to trace preindustrial heat and salinity field redistribution. Excess salinity opposes excess-temperature-induced density change, and redistribution grows continually.
Andrew Yool, Julien Palmiéri, Colin G. Jones, Lee de Mora, Till Kuhlbrodt, Ekatarina E. Popova, A. J. George Nurser, Joel Hirschi, Adam T. Blaker, Andrew C. Coward, Edward W. Blockley, and Alistair A. Sellar
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3437–3472, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean plays a key role in modulating the Earth’s climate. Understanding this role is critical when using models to project future climate change. Consequently, it is necessary to evaluate their realism against the ocean's observed state. Here we validate UKESM1, a new Earth system model, focusing on the realism of its ocean physics and circulation, as well as its biological cycles and productivity. While we identify biases, generally the model performs well over a wide range of properties.
Fabrice Ardhuin, Yevgueny Aksenov, Alvise Benetazzo, Laurent Bertino, Peter Brandt, Eric Caubet, Bertrand Chapron, Fabrice Collard, Sophie Cravatte, Jean-Marc Delouis, Frederic Dias, Gérald Dibarboure, Lucile Gaultier, Johnny Johannessen, Anton Korosov, Georgy Manucharyan, Dimitris Menemenlis, Melisa Menendez, Goulven Monnier, Alexis Mouche, Frédéric Nouguier, George Nurser, Pierre Rampal, Ad Reniers, Ernesto Rodriguez, Justin Stopa, Céline Tison, Clément Ubelmann, Erik van Sebille, and Jiping Xie
Ocean Sci., 14, 337–354, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Sea surface KInematics Multiscale (SKIM) monitoring mission is a proposal for a future satellite that is designed to measure ocean currents and waves. Using a Doppler radar, the accurate measurement of currents requires the removal of the mean velocity due to ocean wave motions. This paper describes the main processing steps needed to produce currents and wave data from the radar measurements. With this technique, SKIM can provide unprecedented coverage and resolution, over the global ocean.
Paul J. Valdes, Edward Armstrong, Marcus P. S. Badger, Catherine D. Bradshaw, Fran Bragg, Michel Crucifix, Taraka Davies-Barnard, Jonathan J. Day, Alex Farnsworth, Chris Gordon, Peter O. Hopcroft, Alan T. Kennedy, Natalie S. Lord, Dan J. Lunt, Alice Marzocchi, Louise M. Parry, Vicky Pope, William H. G. Roberts, Emma J. Stone, Gregory J. L. Tourte, and Jonny H. T. Williams
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3715–3743, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3715-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3715-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the family of climate models used by the BRIDGE research group at the University of Bristol as well as by various other institutions. These models are based on the UK Met Office HadCM3 models and here we describe the various modifications which have been made as well as the key features of a number of configurations in use.
A. Marzocchi, D. J. Lunt, R. Flecker, C. D. Bradshaw, A. Farnsworth, and F. J. Hilgen
Clim. Past, 11, 1271–1295, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the climatic response to orbital forcing through the analysis of an ensemble of simulations covering a late Miocene precession cycle. Including orbital variability in our model–data comparison reduces the mismatch between the proxy record and model output. Our results indicate that ignoring orbital variability could lead to miscorrelations in proxy reconstructions. The North African summer monsoon's sensitivity is high to orbits, moderate to paleogeography and low to CO2.
Related subject area
Approach: Numerical Models | Properties and processes: Water mass | Depth range: All Depths | Geographical range: All Geographic Regions | Challenges: Oceans and climate
Decomposing oceanic temperature and salinity change using ocean carbon change
Charles E. Turner, Peter J. Brown, Kevin I. C. Oliver, and Elaine L. McDonagh
Ocean Sci., 18, 523–548, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean heat and carbon content increase proportionately as the planet warms. However, circulation changes in response to changing heat content, redistributing preindustrial heat, carbon, and salinity fields. Redistribution leaves properties unchanged, so we may leverage our skill identifying preindustrial carbon in order to trace preindustrial heat and salinity field redistribution. Excess salinity opposes excess-temperature-induced density change, and redistribution grows continually.
Cited articles
Abraham, J. P., Baringer, M., Bindoff, N., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Church, J., Conroy, J., Domingues, C., Fasullo, J., Gilson, J., Goni, G., Good, S. A., Gorman, J. M., Gouretski, V., Ishii, M., Johnson, G. C., Kizu, S., Lyman, J. M., Macdonald, A. M., Minkowycz, W. J., Moffitt, S. E., Palmer, M. D., Piola, A. R., Reseghetti, F., Schuckmann, K., Trenberth, K. E., Velicogna, I., and Willis, J. K.: A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change, Rev. Geophys., 51, 450–483, 2013. a
Banks, H. T. and Gregory, J. M.: Mechanisms of ocean heat uptake in a coupled climate model and the implications for tracer based predictions of ocean heat uptake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025352, 2006. a, b
Boé, J., Hall, A., and Qu, X.: Deep ocean heat uptake as a major source of spread in transient climate change simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L22701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040845, 2009. a
Bronselaer, B. and Zanna, L.: Heat and carbon coupling reveals ocean warming due to circulation changes, Nature, 584, 227–233, 2020. a
Church, J. A., Godfrey, J. S., Jackett, D. R., and McDougall, T. J.: A model of sea level rise caused by ocean thermal expansion, J. Climate, 4, 438–456, 1991. a
Clément, L., McDonagh, E. L., Marzocchi, A., and Nurser, A. G.: Signature of ocean warming at the mixed layer base, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086269, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086269, 2020. a
Danabasoglu, G., Yeager, S. G., Bailey, D., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V. M., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A. C., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Farneti, R., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P. G., Forget, G., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Gusev, A., Heimbach, P., Howard, A., Jung, T., Kelley, M., Large, W. G., Leboissetier, A., Lu, J., Madec, G., Marsland, S. J., Masina, S., Navarra, A., Nurser, A. J. G., Pirani, A., Salas y Mélia, D., Samuels, B. L., Scheinert, M., Sidorenko, D., Treguier, A.-M., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., and Wang, Q.: North Atlantic simulations in coordinated ocean-ice reference experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: mean states, Ocean Model., 73, 76–107, 2014. a
Donohue, K., Tracey, K., Watts, D., Chidichimo, M. P., and Chereskin, T.: Mean antarctic circumpolar current transport measured in drake passage, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11–760, 2016. a
Dutay, J.-C., Bullister, J. L., Doney, S. C., Orr, J. C., Najjar, R., Caldeira, K., Campin, J.-M., Drange, H., Follows, M., Gao, Y., Gruber, N., Hecht, M. W., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., Madec, G., Maier-Reimer, E., Marshall, J. C., Matear, R. J., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Plattner, G.-K., Sarmiento, J., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yoo, A.: Evaluation of ocean model ventilation with CFC-11: comparison of 13 global ocean models, Ocean Model., 4, 89–120, 2002. a
Frölicher, T. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Paynter, D. J., Dunne, J. P., Krasting, J. P., and Winton, M.: Dominance of the Southern Ocean in anthropogenic carbon and heat uptake in CMIP5 models, J. Climate, 28, 862–886, 2015. a
Gaspar, P., Grégoris, Y., and Lefevre, J.-M.: A simple eddy kinetic energy model for simulations of the oceanic vertical mixing: Tests at station Papa and Long-Term Upper Ocean Study site, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 95, 16179–16193, 1990. a
Gent, P. R. and McWilliams, J. C.: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150–155, 1990. a
Good, S. A., Martin, M. J., and Rayner, N. A.: EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 6704–6716, 2013. a
Griffies, S. M., Danabasoglu, G., Durack, P. J., Adcroft, A. J., Balaji, V., Böning, C. W., Chassignet, E. P., Curchitser, E., Deshayes, J., Drange, H., Fox-Kemper, B., Gleckler, P. J., Gregory, J. M., Haak, H., Hallberg, R. W., Heimbach, P., Hewitt, H. T., Holland, D. M., Ilyina, T., Jungclaus, J. H., Komuro, Y., Krasting, J. P., Large, W. G., Marsland, S. J., Masina, S., McDougall, T. J., Nurser, A. J. G., Orr, J. C., Pirani, A., Qiao, F., Stouffer, R. J., Taylor, K. E., Treguier, A. M., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valdivieso, M., Wang, Q., Winton, M., and Yeager, S. G.: OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3231–3296, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016, 2016. a, b
Haine, T. W. and Hall, T. M.: A generalized transport theory: Water-mass composition and age, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1932–1946, 2002. a
Held, I. M. and Larichev, V. D.: A scaling theory for horizontally homogeneous, baroclinically unstable flow on a beta plane, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 946–952, 1996. a
Heuzé, C.: North Atlantic deep water formation and AMOC in CMIP5 models, Ocean Sci., 13, 609–622, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-609-2017, 2017. a
Heuzé, C.: Antarctic Bottom Water and North Atlantic Deep Water in CMIP6 models, Ocean Sci., 17, 59–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-59-2021, 2021. a
Heuzé, C., Heywood, K. J., Stevens, D. P., and Ridley, J. K.: Southern Ocean bottom water characteristics in CMIP5 models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1409–1414, 2013. a
Hirschi, J. J.-M., Barnier, B., Böning, C., Biastoch, A., Blaker, A. T., Coward, A., Danilov, S., Drijfhout, S., Getzlaff, K., Griffies, S. M., Hasumi, H., Hewitt, H., Iovino, D., Kawasaki, T., Kiss, A. E., Koldunov, N., Marzocchi, A., Mecking, J. V., Moat, B., Molines, J.-M., Myers, P. G., Penduff, T., Roberts, M., Treguier, A.-M., Sein, D. V., Sidorenko, D., Small, J., Spence, P., Thompson, L. A., Weijer, W., and Xu, X.: The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in high-resolution models, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015522,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015522, 2020. a, b, c, d
Hofmann, M. and Morales Maqueda, M.: Performance of a second-order moments
advection scheme in an ocean general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 111, C05006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003279, 2006. a
Iudicone, D., Rodgers, K. B., Plancherel, Y., Aumont, O., Ito, T., Key, R. M., Madec, G., and Ishii, M.: The formation of the ocean's anthropogenic carbon reservoir, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 1–16, 2016. a
Katavouta, A., Williams, R. G., and Goodwin, P.: The effect of ocean ventilation on the transient climate response to emissions, J. Climate, 32, 5085–5105, 2019. a
Khatiwala, S., Tanhua, T., Mikaloff Fletcher, S., Gerber, M., Doney, S. C., Graven, H. D., Gruber, N., McKinley, G. A., Murata, A., Ríos, A. F., and Sabine, C. L.: Global ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon, Biogeosciences, 10, 2169–2191, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2169-2013, 2013. a, b
King, B., McDonagh, E., and Desbruyeres, D.: Objectively mapped Argo profiling
float data from the Global Ocean, 2004–2020, British Oceanographic Data Centre, National Oceanography Centre, NERC, UK,
https://doi.org/10.5285/961f3c2d-04ca-1911-e053-6c86abc0150b, 2021. a
Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H., and Miyaoka, K.: The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. II, 93, 5–48, 2015. a
Kuhlbrodt, T. and Gregory, J.: Ocean heat uptake and its consequences for the magnitude of sea level rise and climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L18608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052952, 2012. a
Kuhlbrodt, T., Jones, C. G., Sellar, A., Storkey, D., Blockley, E., Stringer, M., Hill, R., Graham, T., Ridley, J., Blaker, A., Calvert, D., Copsey, D., Ellis, R., Hewitt, H., Hyder, P., Ineson, S., Mulcahy, J., Siahaan, A., and Walton, J.: The low-resolution version of HadGEM3 GC3. 1: Development and evaluation for global climate, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 10, 2865–2888, 2018. a
Lévy, M., Estublier, A., and Madec, G.: Choice of an advection scheme for biogeochemical models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3725–3728, 2001. a
Li, F., Lozier, M. S., Danabasoglu, G., Holliday, N. P., Kwon, Y.-O., Romanou, A., Yeager, S. G., and Zhang, R.: Local and downstream relationships between Labrador Sea Water volume and North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variability, J. Climate, 32, 3883–3898, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Lozier, M., Li, F., Bacon, S., Bahr, F., Bower, A., Cunningham, S., De Jong, M., De Steur, L., DeYoung, B., Fischer, J., and Gary, S. F.: A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic, Science, 363, 516–521, 2019. a
Luyten, J., Pedlosky, J., and Stommel, H.: The ventilated thermocline, J Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 292–309, 1983. a
MacGilchrist, G. A., Marshall, D. P., Johnson, H. L., Lique, C., and Thomas, M.: Characterizing the chaotic nature of ocean ventilation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 7577–7594, 2017. a
MacGilchrist, G. A., Johnson, H. L., Lique, C., and Marshall, D. P.: Demons in the North Atlantic: Variability of deep ocean ventilation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL092340, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092340, 2021. a, b
Marzocchi, A., Hirschi, J. J.-M., Holliday, N. P., Cunningham, S. A., Blaker, A. T., and Coward, A. C.: The North Atlantic subpolar circulation in an eddy-resolving global ocean model, J. Marine Syst., 142, 126–143, 2015. a
Marzocchi, A., Nurser, A. J. G., McDonagh, E. L., and NOA: Model data to “Surface atmospheric forcing as the driver of long-term pathways and timescales of ocean ventilation”, CEDA archive, available at: https://archive.ceda.ac.uk/, accessed through JASMIN, available at: https://manage.jasmin.ac.uk/, last access: 10 July 2021. a
Moat, B. I., Smeed, D. A., Frajka-Williams, E., Desbruyères, D. G., Beaulieu, C., Johns, W. E., Rayner, D., Sanchez-Franks, A., Baringer, M. O., Volkov, D., Jackson, L. C., and Bryden, H. L.: Pending recovery in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation at 26∘ N, Ocean Sci., 16, 863–874, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-863-2020, 2020. a
Naveira Garabato, A. C., MacGilchrist, G. A., Brown, P. J., Evans, D. G., Meijers, A. J., and Zika, J. D.: High-latitude ocean ventilation and its role in Earth's climate transitions, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 375, 20160324, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0324, 2017. a, b, c
Olsen, A., Lange, N., Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Bittig, H. C., Kozyr, A., Álvarez, M., Azetsu-Scott, K., Becker, S., Brown, P. J., Carter, B. R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jutterström, S., Landa, C. S., Lauvset, S. K., Michaelis, P., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., Wanninkhof, R., and Woosley, R. J.: An updated version of the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product, GLODAPv2.2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3653–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, 2020. a
Orr, J. C., Najjar, R. G., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Bullister, J. L., Danabasoglu, G., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Dutay, J.-C., Graven, H., Griffies, S. M., John, J. G., Joos, F., Levin, I., Lindsay, K., Matear, R. J., McKinley, G. A., Mouchet, A., Oschlies, A., Romanou, A., Schlitzer, R., Tagliabue, A., Tanhua, T., and Yool, A.: Biogeochemical protocols and diagnostics for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2169–2199, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017, 2017. a, b
Pedlosky, J. and Robbins, P.: The role of finite mixed-layer thickness in the structure of the ventilated thermocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1018–1031, 1991. a
Petit, T., Lozier, M. S., Josey, S. A., and Cunningham, S. A.: Atlantic deep water formation occurs primarily in the Iceland Basin and Irminger Sea by local buoyancy forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL091028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091028, 2020. a, b
Prather, M. J.: Numerical advection by conservation of second-order moments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 91, 6671–6681, 1986. a
Primeau, F.: Characterizing transport between the surface mixed layer and the ocean interior with a forward and adjoint global ocean transport model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 545–564, 2005. a
Rae, J. G. L., Hewitt, H. T., Keen, A. B., Ridley, J. K., West, A. E., Harris, C. M., Hunke, E. C., and Walters, D. N.: Development of the Global Sea Ice 6.0 CICE configuration for the Met Office Global Coupled model, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2221–2230, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2221-2015, 2015. a
Rattan, S., Myers, P. G., Treguier, A.-M., Theetten, S., Biastoch, A., and Böning, C.: Towards an understanding of Labrador Sea salinity drift in eddy-permitting simulations, Ocean Model., 35, 77–88, 2010. a
Redi, M. H.: Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154–1158, 1982. a
Rhein, M., Steinfeldt, R., Kieke, D., Stendardo, I., and Yashayaev, I.: Ventilation variability of Labrador Sea Water and its impact on oxygen and anthropogenic carbon: a review, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 375, 20160321, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0321, 2017. a
Stommel, H.: Determination of water mass properties of water pumped down from
the Ekman layer to the geostrophic flow below, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 3051–3055, 1979. a
Storkey, D., Blaker, A. T., Mathiot, P., Megann, A., Aksenov, Y., Blockley, E. W., Calvert, D., Graham, T., Hewitt, H. T., Hyder, P., Kuhlbrodt, T., Rae, J. G. L., and Sinha, B.: UK Global Ocean GO6 and GO7: a traceable hierarchy of model resolutions, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3187–3213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3187-2018, 2018. a, b
Talley, L., Feely, R., Sloyan, B., Wanninkhof, R., Baringer, M., Bullister, J., Carlson, C., Doney, S., Fine, R., Firing, E., and Gruber, N.: Changes in ocean heat, carbon content, and ventilation: a review of the first decade of GO-SHIP global repeat hydrography, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 8, 185–215, 2016. a
Tsujino, H., Urakawa, S., Nakano, H., Small, R. J., Kim, W. M., Yeager, S. G., Danabasoglu, G., Suzuki, T., Bamber, J. L., Bentsen, M., and Böning, C. W.: JRA-55 based surface dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models (JRA55-do), Ocean Model., 130, 79–139, 2018. a
Van Sebille, E., Griffies, S. M., Abernathey, R., Adams, T. P., Berloff, P., Biastoch, A., Blanke, B., Chassignet, E. P., Cheng, Y., Cotter, C. J., and Deleersnijder, E.: Lagrangian ocean analysis: Fundamentals and practices, Ocean Model., 121, 49–75, 2018. a
Williams, R. G. and Meijers, A.: Ocean Subduction, in: Encyclopedia of Ocean
Sciences, 3rd edn., edited by: Cochran, J. K., Bokuniewicz, H. J., and
Yager, P. L., Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 141–157,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11297-7, 2019. a
Yashayaev, I.: Hydrographic changes in the Labrador Sea, 1960–2005, Prog. Oceanogr., 73, 242–276, 2007. a
Yool, A., Palmiéri, J., Jones, C. G., de Mora, L., Kuhlbrodt, T., Popova, E. E., Nurser, A. J. G., Hirschi, J., Blaker, A. T., Coward, A. C., Blockley, E. W., and Sellar, A. A.: Evaluating the physical and biogeochemical state of the global ocean component of UKESM1 in CMIP6 historical simulations, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3437–3472, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3437-2021, 2021.
a
Zalesak, S. T.: Fully multidimensional flux-corrected transport algorithms for fluids, J. Comput. Phys., 31, 335–362, 1979. a
Zika, J. D., Gregory, J. M., McDonagh, E. L., Marzocchi, A., and Clement, L.:
Recent water mass changes reveal mechanisms of ocean warming, J. Climate, 34,
3461–3479, 2020. a
Zou, S., Lozier, M. S., and Buckley, M.: How is meridional coherence maintained in the lower limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 244–252, 2019. a
Short summary
The ocean absorbs a large proportion of the excess heat and anthropogenic carbon in the climate system. This uptake is modulated by air–sea fluxes and by the processes that transport water from the surface into the ocean’s interior. We performed numerical simulations with interannually varying passive tracers and identified the key role of surface atmospheric forcing in setting the longer-term variability in the distribution of the tracers after they are transported below the ocean’s surface.
The ocean absorbs a large proportion of the excess heat and anthropogenic carbon in the climate...
