Bullock Jr., O. R., Foroutan, H., Gilliam, R. C., and Herwehe, J. A.: Adding four-dimensional data assimilation by analysis nudging to the Model for Prediction Across Scales – Atmosphere (version 4.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2897–2922, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2897-2018, 2018.
Carrassi, A., Bocquet, M., Bertino, L., and Evensen, G.: Data assimilation in
the geosciences: An overview of methods, issues, and perspectives, Wires Clim. Change, 9, e535, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.535, 2018.
Elken, J., Zujev, M., and Lagemaa, P.: Reconstructing sea surface temperature
and salinity fields in the northeastern Baltic from observational data,
based on sub-regional Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) patterns from
models, in: 2018 IEEE/OES Baltic International Symposium (BALTIC), 12–15 June 2019, Klaipeda, Lithuania, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1109/BALTIC.2018.8634845, 2018.
Elken, J., Zujev, M., She, J., and Lagemaa, P.: Reconstruction of large-scale
sea surface temperature and salinity fields using sub-regional EOF patterns
from models, Front. Earth Sci., 7, 232, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00232,
2019.
Fu, W., She, J., and Zhuang, S.: Application of an Ensemble Optimal
Interpolation in a North/Baltic Sea model: Assimilating temperature and
salinity profiles, Ocean Model., 40, 227–245,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.09.004, 2011.
Fujii, Y., Remy, E., Zuo, H., Oke, P. R., Halliwell, G. R., Gasparin, F.,
Benkiran, M., Loose, N., Cummings, J., Xie, J., and Xue, Y.: Observing system
evaluation based on ocean data assimilation and prediction systems: on-going
challenges and future vision for designing/supporting ocean observational
networks, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 417, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00417, 2019.
Golbeck, I., Li, X., Janssen, F., Brüning, T., Nielsen, J. W., Huess, V.,
Söderkvist, J., Büchmann, B., Siiriä, S. M.,
Vähä-Piikkiö, O., Hackett, B., Kristensen, N., Engedahl, H.,
Blockey, E., Sellar, A., Lagemaa, P., Ozer, J., Legrand, S., Ljungemyr, P.,
and Axell, L.: Uncertainty estimation for operational ocean forecast
products – a multi-model ensemble for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea,
Ocean Dyn., 65, 1603–1631, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-015-0897-8, 2015.
Golbeck, I., Izotova, J., Jandt, S., Janssen, F., Lagemaa, P., Brüning,
T., Huess, V., and Hartman, A.: Quality Information Document (QUID) Baltic
Sea Physical Analysis and Forecasting Product,
https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-BAL-QUID-003-006.pdf (last access: 10 August 2020),
2018.
Goodliff, M., Bruening, T., Schwichtenberg, F., Li, X., Lindenthal, A.,
Lorkowski, I., and Nerger, L.: Temperature assimilation into a coastal
ocean-biogeochemical model: assessment of weakly and strongly coupled data
assimilation, Ocean Dyn., 69, 1217–1237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01299-7, 2019.
Gregg, W. W., Friedrichs, M. A., Robinson, A. R., Rose, K. A., Schlitzer, R.,
Thompson, K. R., and Doney, S. C.: Skill assessment in ocean biological data
assimilation, J. Marine Syst., 76, 16–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.006, 2009.
Haines, K.: Ocean Reanalyses, in: New Frontiers in Operational Oceanography, Florida State University,
545–562, https://doi.org/10.17125/gov2018.ch19, 2018.
Hernandez, F., Blockley, E., Brassington, G. B., Davidson, F., Divakaran, P.,
Drévillon, M., Ishizaki, S., Garcia-Sotillo, M., Hogan, P. J., Lagemaa,
P., and Levier, B.: Recent progress in performance evaluations and near
real-time assessment of operational ocean products, J. Oper.
Oceanogr., 8, s221–s238, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2015.1050282, 2015.
Holland, W. R. and Malanotte-Rizzoli, P.: Assimilation of altimeter data into
an ocean circulation model: Space versus time resolution studies, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1507–1534, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1989)019<1507:AOADIA>2.0.CO;2, 1989.
Høyer, J. L. and She, J.: Optimal interpolation of sea surface
temperature for the North Sea and Baltic Sea, J. Mar. Syst., 65, 176–189,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.03.008, 2007.
Huess, V.: Product User Manual For Baltic Sea Physical Analysis and
Forecasting Product, available at:
http://marine.copernicus.eu/documents/PUM/CMEMS-BAL-PUM-003-006.pdf,
last access: 2 May 2020.
Janssen, F., Schrum, C., and Backhaus, J. O.: 1999. A climatological data set
of temperature and salinity for the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, Deutsche
Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 51, 5–245, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02933676, 1999.
Jevrejeva, S., Drabkin, V. V., Kostjukov, J., Lebedev, A. A., Leppäranta,
M., Mironov, Y. U., Schmelzer, N., and Sztobryn, M.: Baltic Sea ice seasons in the twentieth century, Clim. Res., 25, 217–227, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr025217, 2004.
Johansson, J.: Total and regional runoff to the Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea
environment fact sheet, available at:
http://www.helcom.fi/baltic-sea-trends/environment-fact-sheets/, 2017 (last access: 8 April 2020).
Karlson, B., Andersson, L. S., Kaitala, S., Kronsell, J., Mohlin, M.,
Seppälä, J., and Wranne, A. W.: A comparison of Ferrybox data vs.
monitoring data from research vessels for near surface waters of the Baltic
Sea and the Kattegat, J. Marine Syst., 162, 98–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.002, 2016.
Kõuts, T. and Omstedt, A.: Deep water exchange in the Baltic Proper,
Tellus A, 45, 311–324, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v45i4.14895, 1993.
Kozlov, I., Dailidienė, I., Korosov, A., Klemas, V., and
Mingėlaitė, T.: MODIS-based sea surface temperature of the Baltic
Sea Curonian Lagoon, J. Marine Syst., 129, 157–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.05.011, 2014.
Laanemets, J., Zhurbas, V., Elken, J., and Vahtera, E.: Dependence of
upwelling-mediated nutrient transport on wind forcing, bottom topography and
stratification in the Gulf of Finland: model experiments, Boreal Environ.
Res., 14, 213–225, 2009.
Lagemaa, P.: Operational forecasting in Estonian marine waters, Thesis on Natural and Exact Sciences, B128, Tallinn University of Technology, 2012.
Le Traon, P. Y., Reppucci, A., Alvarez Fanjul, E., Aouf, L., Behrens, A.,
Belmonte, M., Bentamy, A., Bertino, L., Brando, V. E., Kreiner, M., and
Benkiran, M.: From observation to information and users: the Copernicus
Marine Service perspective, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 234, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00234, 2019.
Liblik, T., Laanemets, J., Raudsepp, U., Elken, J., and Suhhova, I.: Estuarine circulation reversals and related rapid changes in winter near-bottom oxygen conditions in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Ocean Sci., 9, 917–930, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-917-2013, 2013.
Lilover, M. J., Lips, U., Laanearu, J., and Liljebladh, B.: Flow regime in the Irbe Strait, Aquat. Sci., 60, 253–265, https://doi.org/10.1007/s000270050040,
1998.
Lips, U., Lips, I., Kikas, V., and Kuvaldina, N.: May. Ferrybox measurements:
a tool to study meso-scale processes in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea),
2008 IEEE/OES US/EU-Baltic International Symposium, Date 27–29 May 2008, location Tallinn, Estonia, IEEE, https://doi.org/10.1109/BALTIC.2008.4625536, 2008.
Liu, Y. and Fu, W.: Assimilating high-resolution sea surface temperature data improves the ocean forecast potential in the Baltic Sea, Ocean Sci., 14, 525–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-525-2018, 2018.
Liu, Y., Meier, H. E. M., and Eilola, K.: Nutrient transports in the Baltic Sea – results from a 30-year physical–biogeochemical reanalysis, Biogeosciences, 14, 2113–2131, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2113-2017, 2017.
Männik, A. and Merilain, M.: Verification of different precipitation
forecasts during extended winter-season in Estonia, HIRLAM Newsletter, 52,
65–70, 2007.
Martin, M. J., Balmaseda, M., Bertino, L., Brasseur, P., Brassington, G.,
Cummings, J., Fujii, Y., Lea, D. J., Lellouche, J. M., Mogensen, K., and Oke,
P. R.: Status and future of data assimilation in operational oceanography,
J. Oper. Oceanogr., 8, s28–s48,
https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2015.1022055, 2015.
Meier, H. E. M., Eilola, K., Almroth-Rosell, E., Schimanke, S., Kniebusch, M., Höglund, A., Pemberton, P., Liu, Y., Väli, G., and Saraiva, S.:
Disentangling the impact of nutrient load and climate changes on Baltic Sea
hypoxia and eutrophication since 1850, Clim. Dyn., 53, 1145–1166, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4296-y, 2019.
Moore, A. M. and Reason, C. J.: The response of a global ocean general
circulation model to climatological surface boundary conditions for
temperature and salinity, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 300–328,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<0300:TROAGO>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Moore, A. M., Martin, M. J., Akella, S., Arango, H., Balmaseda, M. A., Bertino, L., Ciavatta, S., Cornuelle, B., Cummings, J., Frolov, S., and Lermusiaux, P.: Synthesis of ocean observations using data assimilation for operational, real-time and reanalysis systems: A more complete picture of the state of the ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00090,
2019.
Omstedt, A. and Axell, L. B.: Modeling the variations of salinity and
temperature in the large Gulfs of the Baltic Sea, Cont. Shelf
Res., 23, 265–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00207-8, 2003.
Placke, M., Meier, H.E., Gräwe, U., Neumann, T., Frauen, C., and Liu, Y.:
Long-term mean circulation of the Baltic Sea as represented by various ocean
circulation models, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 287, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00287, 2018.
Raudsepp, U. and Elken, J.: Application of the Bryan-Cox-Type Ocean Model to
reproduce synoptic and mesoscale variability of the Irbe Strait salinity
front, Deutsche Hydrografische Zeitschrift, 51, 477–488, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02764168, 1999.
Ravichandran, M., Behringer, D., Sivareddy, S., Girishkumar, M. S., Chacko,
N., and Harikumar, R.: Evaluation of the global ocean data assimilation
system at INCOIS: the tropical Indian Ocean, Ocean Model., 69, 123–135,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.05.003, 2013.
Rodhe, J.: The Baltic and North Seas: a process-oriented review of the
physical oceanography, The sea, 11, 699–732, 1998.
Savchuk, O. P.: Large-scale nutrient dynamics in the Baltic Sea, 1970–2016.
Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 95, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00095, 2018.
She, J.: Assessment of Baltic Sea observations for operational oceanography,
in: Proceedings of the 8th EuroGOOS International Conference (Bergen: EuroGOOS), edited by: Buch, E., Fernández, V., Eparkhina, D., Gorringe, P., and Nolan, G., 7, 79–87, 2018.
She, J., Meier, M., Darecki, M., Gorringe, P., Huess, V., Kouts, T.,
Reissmann, J. H., and Tuomi, L.: Baltic Sea Operational Oceanography-A
Stimulant for Regional Earth System Research, 3–5 October 2017, Bergen, Norway, Front. Earth Sci., 8,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00007, 2020.
Stauffer, D. R. and Seaman, N. L.: Use of four-dimensional data assimilation
in a limited-area mesoscale model. Part I: Experiments with synoptic-scale
data, Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 1250–1277, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<0734:UOFDDA>2.0.CO;2, 1990.
Stow, C. A., Jolliff, J., McGillicuddy Jr., D. J., Doney, S. C., Allen, J. I.,
Friedrichs, M. A., Rose, K. A., and Wallhead, P.: Skill assessment for coupled biological/physical models of marine systems, J. Marine Syst.,
76, 4–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.011, 2009.
Stramska, M. and Białogrodzka, J.: Spatial and temporal variability of sea
surface temperature in the Baltic Sea based on 32-years (1982–2013) of
satellite data, Oceanologia, 57, 223–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2015.04.004, 2015.
Tuomi, L., She, J., Lorkowski, I., Axell, L., Lagemaa, P., Schwichtenberg,
F., and Huess, V.: Overview of CMEMS BAL MFC Service and Developments,
Proceedings of the Eight EuroGOOS International Conference, 3–5 October 2017, Bergen, Norway, 261–267,
ISBN 978-2-9601883-3-2, 2018.
Uiboupin, R. and Laanemets, J.: Upwelling characteristics derived from
satellite sea surface temperature data in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea,
Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 297–304, 2009.
Uiboupin, R. and Laanemets, J.: Upwelling parameters from bias-corrected
composite satellite SST maps in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea), IEEE
Geosci. Remote S., 12, 592–596, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2014.2352397, 2015.
Yurkovskis, A., Wulff, F., Rahm, L., Andruzaitis, A., and Rodriguez-Medina,
M.: A nutrient budget of the Gulf of Riga; Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast.
Shelf S., 37, 113–127, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1993.1046, 1993.
Zujev, M. and Elken, J.: Testing marine data assimilation in the
northeastern Baltic using satellite SST products from the Copernicus Marine
Environment Monitoring Service, Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of
Sciences, 67, 217–230, https://doi.org/10.3176/proc.2018.3.03, 2018.
