Chen, G., Wang, D., and Hou, Y.: The features and interannual variability
mechanism of mesoscale eddies in the Bay of Bengal, Continental Shelf
Res., 47, 178–185,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.07.011, 2012.
a
Chen, G., Han, W., Li, Y., and Wang, D.: Interannual Variability of Equatorial Eastern Indian Ocean Upwelling: Local versus Remote Forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 789–807,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0117.1, 2015.
a
Chen, G., Han, W., Shu, Y., Li, Y., Wang, D., and Xie, Q.: The Role of
Equatorial Undercurrent in Sustaining the Eastern Indian Ocean Upwelling,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 6444–6451,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069433,
2016.
a,
b
Chen, G., Li, Y., Xie, Q., and Wang, D.: Origins of Eddy Kinetic Energy
in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123,
2097–2115,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013455, 2018.
a
Cheng, X., Xie, S.-P., McCreary, J. P., Qi, Y., and Du, Y.: Intraseasonal
Variability of Sea Surface Height in the Bay of Bengal, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 816–830,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20075, 2013.
a,
b,
c
Deser, C., Alexander, M. A., Xie, S.-P., and Phillips, A. S.: Sea Surface
Temperature Variability: Patterns and Mechanisms, Annu. Rev. Mar.
Sci., 2, 115–143,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120408-151453, 2010.
a,
b
Du, Y., Liu, K., Zhuang, W., and Yu, W.-D.: The Kelvin Wave Processes in the
Equatorial Indian Ocean during the 2006–2008 IOD Events, Atmos.
Ocean. Sci. Lett., 5, 324–328,
https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2012.11447007,
2012.
a,
b
Döll, P., Kaspar, F., and Lehner, B.: A Global Hydrological Model for Deriving Water Availability Indicators: Model Tuning and Validation, J. Hydrol., 270, 105–134,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00283-4, 2003.
a
ECMWF: ERA5, available at:
https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5, last access: 26 February 2021.
Fischer, A. S., Terray, P., Guilyardi, E., Gualdi, S., and Delecluse, P.: Two
Independent Triggers for the Indian Ocean Dipole/Zonal Mode in a Coupled GCM, J. Climate, 18, 3428–3449,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3478.1, 2005.
a
Girishkumar, M. S., Ravichandran, M., and Han, W.: Observed Intraseasonal
Thermocline Variability in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 118, 3336–3349,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20245, 2013.
a,
b
Good, S. A., Martin, M. J., and Rayner, N. A.: EN4: Quality Controlled Ocean
Temperature and Salinity Profiles and Monthly Objective Analyses with
Uncertainty Estimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118,
6704–6716,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009067, 2013.
a
Gordon, A. L., Shroyer, E. L., Mahadevan, A., Senqupta, D., and Freilich, M.:
Bay of Bengal: 2013 Northeast Monsoon Upper-Ocean Circulation, Oceanography, 29, 82–91,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.41, 2016.
a
Grunseich, G., Subrahmanyam, B., Murty, V. S. N., and Giese, B. S.: Sea Surface
Salinity Variability during the Indian Ocean Dipole and ENSO Events in the
Tropical Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C11013,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007456, 2011.
a
Hasson, A. E. A., Delcroix, T., and Dussin, R.: An Assessment of the Mixed
Layer Salinity Budget in the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Observations and
Modelling (1990–2009), Ocean Dyn., 63, 179–194,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-013-0596-2, 2013.
a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz‐Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D.,
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P.,
Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., Chiara, G. D., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M.,
Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., Rosnay, P. d.,
Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global
reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
a
Jensen, T. G., Wijesekera, H., Nyadjro, E., Thoppil, P., Shriver, J., Sandeep, K., and Pant, V.: Modeling Salinity Exchanges Between the Equatorial Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, Oceanography, 29, 92–101,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.42, 2016.
a
Jungclaus, J. H., Fischer, N., Haak, H., Lohmann, K., Marotzke, J., Matei, D., Mikolajewicz, U., Notz, D., and von Storch, J. S.: Characteristics of the Ocean Simulations in the Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPIOM) the Ocean Component of the MPI-Earth System Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 5, 422–446,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20023, 2013.
a
Kido, S. and Tozuka, T.: Salinity Variability Associated with the Positive
Indian Ocean Dipole and Its Impact on the Upper Ocean Temperature, J. Climate, 30, 7885–7907,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0133.1, 2017.
a,
b,
c
Kido, S., Tozuka, T., and Han, W.: Anatomy of Salinity Anomalies Associated
with the Positive Indian Ocean Dipole, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 8116–8139,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015163, 2019a.
a,
b
Kido, S., Tozuka, T., and Han, W.: Experimental Assessments on Impacts of
Salinity Anomalies on the Positive Indian Ocean Dipole, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 9462–9486,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015479,
2019b.
a
Köhl, A.: Evaluation of the GECCO2 Ocean Synthesis: Transports of Volume, Heat
and Freshwater in the Atlantic, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 166–181,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2347, 2015.
a
Köhl, A.: The German contribution of the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean project, available at:
https://icdc.cen.uni-hamburg.de/, last access: 26 February 2021.
Köhler, J., Serra, N., Bryan, F. O., Johnson, B. K., and Stammer, D.:
Mechanisms of Mixed-Layer Salinity Seasonal Variability in the
Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 466–496,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013640, 2018.
a
Li, J., Liang, C., Tang, Y., Dong, C., Chen, D., Liu, X., and Jin, W.: A new
dipole index of the salinity anomalies of the tropical Indian Ocean,
Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 24260,
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24260, 2016.
a
Li, J., Liang, C., Tang, Y., Liu, X., Lian, T., Shen, Z., and Li, X.: Impacts
of the IOD-associated temperature and salinity anomalies on the
intermittent equatorial undercurrent anomalies, Clim. Dyn., 51,
1391–1409,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3961-x, 2018.
a
Li, Y., Han, W., Wang, W., Ravichandran, M., Lee, T., and Shinoda, T.: Bay of
Bengal Salinity Stratification and Indian Summer Monsoon Intraseasonal
Oscillation: 2. Impact on SST and Convection, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 4312–4328,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012692, 2017.
a
McCreary, J. P., Kundu, P. K., and Molinari, R. L.: A Numerical Investigation
of Dynamics, Thermodynamics and Mixed-layer Processes in the Indian Ocean,
Progr. Oceanogr., 31, 181–244,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(93)90002-U,
1993.
a
McCreary, J. P., Han, W., Shankar, D., and Shetye, S. R.: Dynamics of the East India Coastal Current: 2. Numerical Solutions, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 101, 13993–14010,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC00560, 1996.
a,
b
McPhaden, M. J., Wang, Y., and Ravichandran, M.: Volume transports of the
Wyrtki jets and their relationship to the Indian Ocean Dipole, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 120, 5302–5317,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010901, 2015.
a
Montégut, C. d. B., Mignot, J., Lazar, A., and Cravatte, S.: Control of
Salinity on the Mixed Layer Depth in the World Ocean: 1. General Description, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C06011,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003953,
2007.
a
Moore, D. W. and McCreary, J. P.: Excitation of intermediate-frequency
equatorial waves at a western ocean boundary: With application to
observations from the Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 95, 5219–5231,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC04p05219, 1990.
a
NOAA: World Ocean Atlas 2018, available at:
https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa18/, last access: 26 February 2021.
Nyadjro, E. S. and McPhaden, M. J.: Variability of Zonal Currents in the
Eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean on Seasonal to Interannual Time Scales,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 7969–7986,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010380, 2014.
a,
b
Pohlmann, T.: Predicting the Thermocline in a Circulation Model of the North
Sea – Part I: Model Description, Calibration and Verification, Continental
Shelf Res,, 16, 131–146,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(95)90885-S, 1996.
a,
b
Potemra, J. T., Luther, M. E., and O'Brien, J. J.: The Seasonal Circulation of the Upper Ocean in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 96, 12667–12683,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC01045, 1991.
a
Pramanik, S., Sil, S., Mandal, S., Dey, D., and Shee, A.: Role of Interannual
Equatorial Forcing on the Subsurface Temperature Dipole in the Bay of Bengal during IOD and ENSO Events, Ocean Dyn., 69, 1253–1271,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01303-0, 2019.
a,
b
Prasanna Kumar, S., Muraleedharan, P. M., Prasad, T. G., Gauns, M., Ramaiah,
N., de Souza, S. N., Sardesai, S., and Madhupratap, M.: Why is the Bay of
Bengal less productive during summer monsoon compared to the Arabian Sea?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 88-1–88-4,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016013,
2002.
a
Prasanna Kumar, S., Nuncio, M., Narvekar, J., Kumar, A., Sardesai, S.,
de Souza, S. N., Gauns, M., Ramaiah, N., and Madhupratap, M.: Are eddies
nature's trigger to enhance biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07309,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019274, 2004.
a
Rao, S. A., Behera, S. K., Masumoto, Y., and Yamagata, T.: Interannual
Subsurface Variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean with a Special Emphasis
on the Indian Ocean Dipole, Deep Sea Research Pt. II, 49, 1549–1572,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00158-8, 2002.
a
Roemmich, D. and Gilson, J.: The 2004–2008 Mean and Annual Cycle of
Temperature, Salinity, and Steric Height in the Global Ocean from the Argo
Program, Progr. Oceanogr., 82, 81–100,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004, 2009.
a
Roemmich, D. and Gilson, J.: Roemmich-Gilson Argo Climatology, available at:
http://sio-argo.ucsd.edu/RG_Climatology.html, last access: 26 February 2021.
Saji, N. H., Goswami, B. N., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Yamagata, T.: A Dipole Mode in the Tropical Indian Ocean, Nature, 401, 360–363,
https://doi.org/10.1038/43854, 1999.
a,
b,
c
Sanchez‐Franks, A., Webber, B. G. M., King, B. A., Vinayachandran, P. N.,
Matthews, A. J., Sheehan, P. M. F., Behara, A., and Neema, C. P.: The
Railroad Switch Effect of Seasonally Reversing Currents on the Bay of Bengal High-Salinity Core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6005–6014,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082208, 2019.
a
Schott, F. A., Xie, S.-P., and McCreary, J. P.: Indian Ocean Circulation and
Climate Variability, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000245,
2009.
a
Shankar, D., McCreary, J. P., Han, W., and Shetye, S. R.: Dynamics of the East India Coastal Current: 1. Analytic Solutions Forced by Interior Ekman Pumping and Local Alongshore Winds, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 101, 13975–13991,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC00559, 1996.
a
Shetye, S. R., Shenoi, S. S. C., Gouveia, A. D., Michael, G. S., Sundar, D.,
and Nampoothiri, G.: Wind-driven Coastal Upwelling along the Western Boundary of the Bay of Bengal during the Southwest Monsoon, Continental Shelf Res., 11, 1397–1408,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(91)90042-5, 1991.
a
Shetye, S. R., Gouveia, A. D., Shankar, D., Shenoi, S. S. C., Vinayachandran,
P. N., Sundar, D., Michael, G. S., and Nampoothiri, G.: Hydrography and
Circulation in the Western Bay of Bengal during the Northeast Monsoon,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 101, 14011–14025,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03307, 1996.
a
Shinoda, T., Hendon, H. H., and Alexander, M. A.: Surface and Subsurface Dipole Variability in the Indian Ocean and Its Relation with ENSO, Deep Sea Research Pt. I, 51, 619–635,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.01.005, 2004.
a
Trott, C. B., Subrahmanyam, B., Murty, V. S. N., and Shriver, J. F.:
Large-Scale Fresh and Salt Water Exchanges in the Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 6252–6269,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015361, 2019.
a
Vinayachandran, P. N., Masumoto, Y., Mikawa, T., and Yamagata, T.: Intrusion of the Southwest Monsoon Current into the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 11077–11085,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900035, 1999.
a
Webster, P. J., Moore, A. M., Loschnigg, J. P., and Leben, R. R.: Coupled
Ocean–Atmosphere Dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997–98, Nature,
401, 356–360,
https://doi.org/10.1038/43848, 1999.
a,
b
Wijesekera, H. W., Jensen, T. G., Jarosz, E., Teague, W. J., Metzger, E. J.,
Wang, D. W., Jinadasa, S. U. P., Arulananthan, K., Centurioni, L. R., and
Fernando, H. J. S.: Southern Bay of Bengal Currents and Salinity Intrusions
during the Northeast Monsoon, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120,
6897–6913,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010744, 2015.
a
Yu, L., O'Brien, J. J., and Yang, J.: On the Remote Forcing of the Circulation in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 96,
20449–20454,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC02424, 1991.
a,
b
Zhang, Z.: HAMSOM Historical Experiment of the Bay of Bengal, available at:
https://cera-www.dkrz.de/WDCC/ui/cerasearch/entry?acronym=DKRZ_LTA_119_ds00001, last access: 26 February 2021.
Zhang, Y., Du, Y., Zheng, S., Yang, Y., and Cheng, X.: Impact of Indian Ocean
Dipole on the Salinity Budget in the Equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 118, 4911–4923,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20392,
2013.
a,
b
