Articles | Volume 17, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1815-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1815-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Dec 2021
Research article |
| 23 Dec 2021
| 23 Dec 2021
Swell hindcast statistics for the Baltic Sea
Jan-Victor Björkqvist
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Allégaten 70, 5007, Bergen, Norway
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12611, Tallinn, Estonia
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
Siim Pärt
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12611, Tallinn, Estonia
Victor Alari
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12611, Tallinn, Estonia
Sander Rikka
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12611, Tallinn, Estonia
Elisa Lindgren
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
Laura Tuomi
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
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Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- An investigation of swell in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea B. Bethel et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-025-01692-5
- Performance of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 MSI Images Based on MNF Versus PCA Algorithms and Convolution Operators for Automatic Lithuanian Coastline Extraction S. Gadal & T. Gloaguen https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-02623-9
- Spatiotemporal variability of wave climate in the Gulf of Riga F. Najafzadeh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2023.11.001
- Process-oriented evaluation of machine learning and physics-based models for wave parameter prediction under extreme conditions in a fetch-limited sea K. Dubois et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.128227
- Hierarchical Fusion Method for SAR-Based Coastal Bathymetric Inversion in Short-Period Wave-Dominated Areas: A Case Study of the Wengtian Coast, Hainan Island L. Diao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18173051
- Disruptions in alongshore sediment transport on sedimentary shores of the Baltic Sea driven by changes in forcing wave fields M. Eelsalu & T. Soomere https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124952
- Surface wave impacts on turbulent roughness length parameterization V. Haapaniemi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102742
- An analysis of surface waves in the Caribbean Sea based on a high-resolution numerical wave model B. Bethel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102377
- A comparison of Baltic Sea wave properties simulated using two modelled wind data sets A. Giudici et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108401
- Unlocking the Mediterranean potential: Wave energy flux and swell contributions in a semi-enclosed sea C. Oikonomou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119131
- Wind-Sea and Swell Climate in the Black and Azov Seas, Based on 42-Year Spectral Wave Hindcast K. Amarouche & A. Akpınar https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2024.104155
- Extending multi-criteria coastal vulnerability assessment to low-lying inland areas: Examples from Estonia, eastern Baltic Sea M. Barzehkar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109014
- Sandy beach evolution in the low-energy microtidal Baltic Sea: Attribution of changes to hydrometeorological forcing M. Eelsalu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108383
- Alongshore sediment transport analysis for a semi-enclosed basin: a case study of the Gulf of Riga, the Baltic Sea T. Soomere et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-619-2025
- Numerical simulations of wave climate in the Baltic Sea: a review T. Soomere https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2022.01.004
- Baltic sea wave climate in 1979–2018: Numerical modelling results A. Sokolov & B. Chubarenko https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117088
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- An investigation of swell in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea B. Bethel et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-025-01692-5
- Performance of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 MSI Images Based on MNF Versus PCA Algorithms and Convolution Operators for Automatic Lithuanian Coastline Extraction S. Gadal & T. Gloaguen https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-02623-9
- Spatiotemporal variability of wave climate in the Gulf of Riga F. Najafzadeh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2023.11.001
- Process-oriented evaluation of machine learning and physics-based models for wave parameter prediction under extreme conditions in a fetch-limited sea K. Dubois et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.128227
- Hierarchical Fusion Method for SAR-Based Coastal Bathymetric Inversion in Short-Period Wave-Dominated Areas: A Case Study of the Wengtian Coast, Hainan Island L. Diao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18173051
- Disruptions in alongshore sediment transport on sedimentary shores of the Baltic Sea driven by changes in forcing wave fields M. Eelsalu & T. Soomere https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124952
- Surface wave impacts on turbulent roughness length parameterization V. Haapaniemi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102742
- An analysis of surface waves in the Caribbean Sea based on a high-resolution numerical wave model B. Bethel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102377
- A comparison of Baltic Sea wave properties simulated using two modelled wind data sets A. Giudici et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108401
- Unlocking the Mediterranean potential: Wave energy flux and swell contributions in a semi-enclosed sea C. Oikonomou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119131
- Wind-Sea and Swell Climate in the Black and Azov Seas, Based on 42-Year Spectral Wave Hindcast K. Amarouche & A. Akpınar https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2024.104155
- Extending multi-criteria coastal vulnerability assessment to low-lying inland areas: Examples from Estonia, eastern Baltic Sea M. Barzehkar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109014
- Sandy beach evolution in the low-energy microtidal Baltic Sea: Attribution of changes to hydrometeorological forcing M. Eelsalu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108383
- Alongshore sediment transport analysis for a semi-enclosed basin: a case study of the Gulf of Riga, the Baltic Sea T. Soomere et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-619-2025
- Numerical simulations of wave climate in the Baltic Sea: a review T. Soomere https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2022.01.004
- Baltic sea wave climate in 1979–2018: Numerical modelling results A. Sokolov & B. Chubarenko https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117088
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 03 Oct 2026
Short summary
Waves that travel faster than the wind are called swell. Our study presents wave model statistics of swell waves in the Baltic Sea, since such statistics have not yet been reliably compiled. Our results confirm that long, high, and persistent swell is absent in the Baltic Sea. We found that the dependency between swell and wind waves differs in the open sea compared to nearshore areas. These distinctions are important for studies on how waves interact with the atmosphere and the sea floor.
Waves that travel faster than the wind are called swell. Our study presents wave model...
