Articles | Volume 17, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1815-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1815-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Dec 2021
Research article |
| 23 Dec 2021
| 23 Dec 2021
Swell hindcast statistics for the Baltic Sea
Jan-Victor Björkqvist
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Allégaten 70, 5007, Bergen, Norway
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12611, Tallinn, Estonia
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
Siim Pärt
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12611, Tallinn, Estonia
Victor Alari
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12611, Tallinn, Estonia
Sander Rikka
Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12611, Tallinn, Estonia
Elisa Lindgren
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
Laura Tuomi
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
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Cited
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- An investigation of swell in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea B. Bethel et al. 10.1007/s10236-025-01692-5
- Performance of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 MSI Images Based on MNF Versus PCA Algorithms and Convolution Operators for Automatic Lithuanian Coastline Extraction S. Gadal & T. Gloaguen 10.1007/s42979-024-02623-9
- Spatiotemporal variability of wave climate in the Gulf of Riga F. Najafzadeh et al. 10.1016/j.oceano.2023.11.001
- An analysis of surface waves in the Caribbean Sea based on a high-resolution numerical wave model B. Bethel et al. 10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102377
- A comparison of Baltic Sea wave properties simulated using two modelled wind data sets A. Giudici et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108401
- Unlocking the Mediterranean potential: Wave energy flux and swell contributions in a semi-enclosed sea C. Oikonomou et al. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119131
- Wind-Sea and Swell Climate in the Black and Azov Seas, Based on 42-Year Spectral Wave Hindcast K. Amarouche & A. Akpınar 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104155
- Extending multi-criteria coastal vulnerability assessment to low-lying inland areas: Examples from Estonia, eastern Baltic Sea M. Barzehkar et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109014
- Sandy beach evolution in the low-energy microtidal Baltic Sea: Attribution of changes to hydrometeorological forcing M. Eelsalu et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108383
- Alongshore sediment transport analysis for a semi-enclosed basin: a case study of the Gulf of Riga, the Baltic Sea T. Soomere et al. 10.5194/os-21-619-2025
- Numerical simulations of wave climate in the Baltic Sea: a review T. Soomere 10.1016/j.oceano.2022.01.004
- Baltic sea wave climate in 1979–2018: Numerical modelling results A. Sokolov & B. Chubarenko 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117088
- Swell hindcast statistics for the Baltic Sea J. Björkqvist et al. 10.5194/os-17-1815-2021
12 citations as recorded by crossref.
- An investigation of swell in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea B. Bethel et al. 10.1007/s10236-025-01692-5
- Performance of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 MSI Images Based on MNF Versus PCA Algorithms and Convolution Operators for Automatic Lithuanian Coastline Extraction S. Gadal & T. Gloaguen 10.1007/s42979-024-02623-9
- Spatiotemporal variability of wave climate in the Gulf of Riga F. Najafzadeh et al. 10.1016/j.oceano.2023.11.001
- An analysis of surface waves in the Caribbean Sea based on a high-resolution numerical wave model B. Bethel et al. 10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102377
- A comparison of Baltic Sea wave properties simulated using two modelled wind data sets A. Giudici et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108401
- Unlocking the Mediterranean potential: Wave energy flux and swell contributions in a semi-enclosed sea C. Oikonomou et al. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119131
- Wind-Sea and Swell Climate in the Black and Azov Seas, Based on 42-Year Spectral Wave Hindcast K. Amarouche & A. Akpınar 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104155
- Extending multi-criteria coastal vulnerability assessment to low-lying inland areas: Examples from Estonia, eastern Baltic Sea M. Barzehkar et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109014
- Sandy beach evolution in the low-energy microtidal Baltic Sea: Attribution of changes to hydrometeorological forcing M. Eelsalu et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108383
- Alongshore sediment transport analysis for a semi-enclosed basin: a case study of the Gulf of Riga, the Baltic Sea T. Soomere et al. 10.5194/os-21-619-2025
- Numerical simulations of wave climate in the Baltic Sea: a review T. Soomere 10.1016/j.oceano.2022.01.004
- Baltic sea wave climate in 1979–2018: Numerical modelling results A. Sokolov & B. Chubarenko 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117088
1 citations as recorded by crossref.
Latest update: 25 Jun 2025
Short summary
Waves that travel faster than the wind are called swell. Our study presents wave model statistics of swell waves in the Baltic Sea, since such statistics have not yet been reliably compiled. Our results confirm that long, high, and persistent swell is absent in the Baltic Sea. We found that the dependency between swell and wind waves differs in the open sea compared to nearshore areas. These distinctions are important for studies on how waves interact with the atmosphere and the sea floor.
Waves that travel faster than the wind are called swell. Our study presents wave model...
