Articles | Volume 16, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-767-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-767-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Jul 2020
Research article |
| 03 Jul 2020
| 03 Jul 2020
Ventilation of the northern Baltic Sea
Thomas Neumann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119 Warnemünde Seestr. 15, Germany
Herbert Siegel
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119 Warnemünde Seestr. 15, Germany
Matthias Moros
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119 Warnemünde Seestr. 15, Germany
Monika Gerth
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119 Warnemünde Seestr. 15, Germany
Madline Kniebusch
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119 Warnemünde Seestr. 15, Germany
Daniel Heydebreck
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119 Warnemünde Seestr. 15, Germany
previously published under the name Daniel Neumann
Related authors
Sven Karsten, Hagen Radtke, Matthias Gröger, Ha T. M. Ho-Hagemann, Hossein Mashayekh, Thomas Neumann, and H. E. Markus Meier
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1689–1708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the development of a regional Earth System Model for the Baltic Sea region. In contrast to conventional coupling approaches, the presented model includes a flux calculator operating on a common exchange grid. This approach automatically ensures a locally consistent treatment of fluxes and simplifies the exchange of model components. The presented model can be used for various scientific questions, such as studies of natural variability and ocean–atmosphere interactions.
Henry C. Bittig, Erik Jacobs, Thomas Neumann, and Gregor Rehder
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 753–773, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-753-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-753-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a pCO2 climatology of the Baltic Sea using a new approach to extrapolate from individual observations to the entire Baltic Sea. The extrapolation approach uses (a) a model to inform on how data at one location are connected to data at other locations, together with (b) very accurate pCO2 observations from 2003 to 2021 as the base data. The climatology can be used e.g. to assess uptake and release of CO2 or to identify extreme events.
Sarah Piehl, René Friedland, Thomas Neumann, and Gerald Schernewski
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-152, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
We integrated observations essential for policy decisions with high-resolution 3D model results to improve the reliability of oxygen assessments. Based on our findings, we suggest merging only high temporal and/or vertical resolution station data with model data to increase confidence in oxygen assessments. While showing the strengths and limitations of our approach we show that model simulations are an useful tool for policy-relevant oxygen assessments.
Matthias Gröger, Manja Placke, H. E. Markus Meier, Florian Börgel, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Cyril Dutheil, Ulf Gräwe, Magnus Hieronymus, Thomas Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Semjon Schimanke, Jian Su, and Germo Väli
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8613–8638, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Comparisons of oceanographic climate data from different models often suffer from different model setups, forcing fields, and output of variables. This paper provides a protocol to harmonize these elements to set up multidecadal simulations for the Baltic Sea, a marginal sea in Europe. First results are shown from six different model simulations from four different model platforms. Topical studies for upwelling, marine heat waves, and stratification are also assessed.
Thomas Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Bronwyn Cahill, Martin Schmidt, and Gregor Rehder
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8473–8540, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8473-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8473-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine ecosystem models are usually constrained by the elements nitrogen and phosphorus and consider carbon in organic matter in a fixed ratio. Recent observations show a substantial deviation from the simulated carbon cycle variables. In this study, we present a marine ecosystem model for the Baltic Sea which allows for a flexible uptake ratio for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. With this extension, the model reflects much more reasonable variables of the marine carbon cycle.
Thomas Neumann, Sampsa Koponen, Jenni Attila, Carsten Brockmann, Kari Kallio, Mikko Kervinen, Constant Mazeran, Dagmar Müller, Petra Philipson, Susanne Thulin, Sakari Väkevä, and Pasi Ylöstalo
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5049–5062, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5049-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5049-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Sea is heavily impacted by surrounding land. Therefore, the concentration of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) of terrestrial origin is relatively high and impacts the light penetration depth. Estimating a correct light climate is essential for ecosystem models. In this study, a method is developed to derive riverine CDOM from Earth observation methods. The data are used as boundary conditions for an ecosystem model, and the advantage over former approaches is shown.
Daniel Neumann, Matthias Karl, Hagen Radtke, Volker Matthias, René Friedland, and Thomas Neumann
Ocean Sci., 16, 115–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-115-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-115-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The study evaluates how much bioavailable nitrogen is contributed to the nitrogen budget of the western Baltic Sea by deposition of shipping-emitted nitrogen oxides. Bioavailable nitrogen compounds are nutrients for phytoplankton (algae). Excessive input of nutrients into water bodies may lead to eutrophication: more algal blooms with subsequently more oxygen limitation at the seafloor. Hence, reducing shipping emissions might reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the marine ecosystem.
Hagen Radtke, Marko Lipka, Dennis Bunke, Claudia Morys, Jana Woelfel, Bronwyn Cahill, Michael E. Böttcher, Stefan Forster, Thomas Leipe, Gregor Rehder, and Thomas Neumann
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 275–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-275-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-275-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a coupled benthic–pelagic biogeochemical model, ERGOM-SED. We demonstrate its use in a one-dimensional physical model, which is horizontally integrated and vertically resolved. We describe the application of the model to seven stations in the south-western Baltic Sea. The model was calibrated using pore water profiles from these stations. We compare the model results to these and to measured sediment compositions, benthopelagic fluxes and bioturbation intensities.
Daniel Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Matthias Karl, and Thomas Neumann
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-365, 2018
Publication in BG not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The contribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the marine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) pool of the North and Baltic Sea was assessed for the year 2012. Atmospheric deposition accounted for approximately 10 % to 15 % of the DIN but its residence time differed between both water bodies. The nitrogen contributions of atmospheric shipping and agricultural imissions also were assessed. Particularly the latter source had a large impact in coastal regions.
Daniel Neumann, Matthias Karl, Hagen Radtke, and Thomas Neumann
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-364, 2018
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition contributes 20 % to 40 % to bioavailable nitrogen inputs into the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Excessive bioavailable nitrogen may lead to intensified algal blooms in these water bodies resulting in several negative consequences for the marine ecosystem. We traced atmospheric nitrogen in the marine ecosystem via an ecosystem model and estimated the contribution of atmospheric nitrogen to plankton biomass in different regions of the North and Baltic Sea over five years.
Daniel Neumann, René Friedland, Matthias Karl, Hagen Radtke, Volker Matthias, and Thomas Neumann
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-71, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-71, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We found that refining the spatial resolution of nitrogen deposition data had low impact on marine nitrogen compounds compared to the impact by nitrogen deposition data sets of different origin (other model). The shipping sector had a contribution of up to 10 % to the marine dissolved inorganic nitrogen.
Sven Karsten, Hagen Radtke, Matthias Gröger, Ha T. M. Ho-Hagemann, Hossein Mashayekh, Thomas Neumann, and H. E. Markus Meier
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1689–1708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the development of a regional Earth System Model for the Baltic Sea region. In contrast to conventional coupling approaches, the presented model includes a flux calculator operating on a common exchange grid. This approach automatically ensures a locally consistent treatment of fluxes and simplifies the exchange of model components. The presented model can be used for various scientific questions, such as studies of natural variability and ocean–atmosphere interactions.
Henry C. Bittig, Erik Jacobs, Thomas Neumann, and Gregor Rehder
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 753–773, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-753-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-753-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a pCO2 climatology of the Baltic Sea using a new approach to extrapolate from individual observations to the entire Baltic Sea. The extrapolation approach uses (a) a model to inform on how data at one location are connected to data at other locations, together with (b) very accurate pCO2 observations from 2003 to 2021 as the base data. The climatology can be used e.g. to assess uptake and release of CO2 or to identify extreme events.
Joanna Davies, Kirsten Fahl, Matthias Moros, Alice Carter-Champion, Henrieka Detlef, Ruediger Stein, Christof Pearce, and Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2363, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we evaluate the use of biomarkers for reconstructing sea-ice cover over the last 120-years from three sediment cores located in a transect across the Northeast Greenland continental shelf. We find that key changes, specifically the decline in sea-ice cover identified in observational records between 1970 and 1984, align with our biomarker reconstructions. This outcome supports the use of biomarkers for longer reconstructions of sea-ice cover in this region.
Sarah Piehl, René Friedland, Thomas Neumann, and Gerald Schernewski
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-152, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
We integrated observations essential for policy decisions with high-resolution 3D model results to improve the reliability of oxygen assessments. Based on our findings, we suggest merging only high temporal and/or vertical resolution station data with model data to increase confidence in oxygen assessments. While showing the strengths and limitations of our approach we show that model simulations are an useful tool for policy-relevant oxygen assessments.
Markus Czymzik, Rik Tjallingii, Birgit Plessen, Peter Feldens, Martin Theuerkauf, Matthias Moros, Markus J. Schwab, Carla K. M. Nantke, Silvia Pinkerneil, Achim Brauer, and Helge W. Arz
Clim. Past, 19, 233–248, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-233-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-233-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Productivity increases in Lake Kälksjön sediments during the last 9600 years are likely driven by the progressive millennial-scale winter warming in northwestern Europe, following the increasing Northern Hemisphere winter insolation and decadal to centennial periods of a more positive NAO polarity. Strengthened productivity variability since ∼5450 cal yr BP is hypothesized to reflect a reinforcement of NAO-like atmospheric circulation.
Matthias Gröger, Manja Placke, H. E. Markus Meier, Florian Börgel, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Cyril Dutheil, Ulf Gräwe, Magnus Hieronymus, Thomas Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Semjon Schimanke, Jian Su, and Germo Väli
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8613–8638, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Comparisons of oceanographic climate data from different models often suffer from different model setups, forcing fields, and output of variables. This paper provides a protocol to harmonize these elements to set up multidecadal simulations for the Baltic Sea, a marginal sea in Europe. First results are shown from six different model simulations from four different model platforms. Topical studies for upwelling, marine heat waves, and stratification are also assessed.
Thomas Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Bronwyn Cahill, Martin Schmidt, and Gregor Rehder
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8473–8540, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8473-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8473-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine ecosystem models are usually constrained by the elements nitrogen and phosphorus and consider carbon in organic matter in a fixed ratio. Recent observations show a substantial deviation from the simulated carbon cycle variables. In this study, we present a marine ecosystem model for the Baltic Sea which allows for a flexible uptake ratio for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. With this extension, the model reflects much more reasonable variables of the marine carbon cycle.
Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Lisa A. Warden, Carlo Berg, Klaus Jürgens, and Matthias Moros
Clim. Past, 18, 2271–2288, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2271-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2271-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstruction of past climate conditions is important for understanding current climate change. These reconstructions are derived from proxies, enabling reconstructions of, e.g., past temperature, precipitation, vegetation, and sea surface temperature (SST). Here we investigate a recently developed SST proxy based on membrane lipids of ammonium-oxidizing archaea in the ocean. We show that low salinities substantially affect the proxy calibration by examining Holocene Baltic Sea sediments.
Matt O'Regan, Thomas M. Cronin, Brendan Reilly, Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup, Laura Gemery, Anna Golub, Larry A. Mayer, Mathieu Morlighem, Matthias Moros, Ole L. Munk, Johan Nilsson, Christof Pearce, Henrieka Detlef, Christian Stranne, Flor Vermassen, Gabriel West, and Martin Jakobsson
The Cryosphere, 15, 4073–4097, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ryder Glacier is a marine-terminating glacier in north Greenland discharging ice into the Lincoln Sea. Here we use marine sediment cores to reconstruct its retreat and advance behavior through the Holocene. We show that while Sherard Osborn Fjord has a physiography conducive to glacier and ice tongue stability, Ryder still retreated more than 40 km inland from its current position by the Middle Holocene. This highlights the sensitivity of north Greenland's marine glaciers to climate change.
Thomas Neumann, Sampsa Koponen, Jenni Attila, Carsten Brockmann, Kari Kallio, Mikko Kervinen, Constant Mazeran, Dagmar Müller, Petra Philipson, Susanne Thulin, Sakari Väkevä, and Pasi Ylöstalo
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5049–5062, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5049-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5049-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Sea is heavily impacted by surrounding land. Therefore, the concentration of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) of terrestrial origin is relatively high and impacts the light penetration depth. Estimating a correct light climate is essential for ecosystem models. In this study, a method is developed to derive riverine CDOM from Earth observation methods. The data are used as boundary conditions for an ecosystem model, and the advantage over former approaches is shown.
Jérôme Kaiser, Norbert Wasmund, Mati Kahru, Anna K. Wittenborn, Regina Hansen, Katharina Häusler, Matthias Moros, Detlef Schulz-Bull, and Helge W. Arz
Biogeosciences, 17, 2579–2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2579-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2579-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Cyanobacterial blooms represent a threat to the Baltic Sea ecosystem, causing deoxygenation of the bottom water. In order to understand the natural versus anthropogenic factors driving these blooms, it is necessary to study long-term trends beyond observations. We have produced a record of cyanobacterial blooms since 1860 using organic molecules (biomarkers) preserved in sediments. Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea are likely mainly related to temperature variability.
Daniel Neumann, Matthias Karl, Hagen Radtke, Volker Matthias, René Friedland, and Thomas Neumann
Ocean Sci., 16, 115–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-115-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-115-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The study evaluates how much bioavailable nitrogen is contributed to the nitrogen budget of the western Baltic Sea by deposition of shipping-emitted nitrogen oxides. Bioavailable nitrogen compounds are nutrients for phytoplankton (algae). Excessive input of nutrients into water bodies may lead to eutrophication: more algal blooms with subsequently more oxygen limitation at the seafloor. Hence, reducing shipping emissions might reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the marine ecosystem.
Hagen Radtke, Marko Lipka, Dennis Bunke, Claudia Morys, Jana Woelfel, Bronwyn Cahill, Michael E. Böttcher, Stefan Forster, Thomas Leipe, Gregor Rehder, and Thomas Neumann
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 275–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-275-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-275-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a coupled benthic–pelagic biogeochemical model, ERGOM-SED. We demonstrate its use in a one-dimensional physical model, which is horizontally integrated and vertically resolved. We describe the application of the model to seven stations in the south-western Baltic Sea. The model was calibrated using pore water profiles from these stations. We compare the model results to these and to measured sediment compositions, benthopelagic fluxes and bioturbation intensities.
Daniel Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Matthias Karl, and Thomas Neumann
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-365, 2018
Publication in BG not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The contribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the marine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) pool of the North and Baltic Sea was assessed for the year 2012. Atmospheric deposition accounted for approximately 10 % to 15 % of the DIN but its residence time differed between both water bodies. The nitrogen contributions of atmospheric shipping and agricultural imissions also were assessed. Particularly the latter source had a large impact in coastal regions.
Daniel Neumann, Matthias Karl, Hagen Radtke, and Thomas Neumann
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-364, 2018
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition contributes 20 % to 40 % to bioavailable nitrogen inputs into the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Excessive bioavailable nitrogen may lead to intensified algal blooms in these water bodies resulting in several negative consequences for the marine ecosystem. We traced atmospheric nitrogen in the marine ecosystem via an ecosystem model and estimated the contribution of atmospheric nitrogen to plankton biomass in different regions of the North and Baltic Sea over five years.
Anna Binczewska, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Irina Polovodova Asteman, Matthias Moros, Amandine Tisserand, Eystein Jansen, and Andrzej Witkowski
Biogeosciences, 15, 5909–5928, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5909-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5909-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Primary productivity is an important factor in the functioning and structuring of the coastal ecosystem. Thus, two sediment cores from the Skagerrak (North Sea) were investigated in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of primary productivity changes during the last millennium and identify associated forcing factors (e.g. anthropogenic, climate). The cores were dated and analysed for palaeoproductivity proxies and palaeothermometers.
Daniel Neumann, René Friedland, Matthias Karl, Hagen Radtke, Volker Matthias, and Thomas Neumann
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-71, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-71, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We found that refining the spatial resolution of nitrogen deposition data had low impact on marine nitrogen compounds compared to the impact by nitrogen deposition data sets of different origin (other model). The shipping sector had a contribution of up to 10 % to the marine dissolved inorganic nitrogen.
Martina Sollai, Ellen C. Hopmans, Nicole J. Bale, Anchelique Mets, Lisa Warden, Matthias Moros, and Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
Biogeosciences, 14, 5789–5804, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5789-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5789-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Sea is characterized by recurring summer phytoplankton blooms, dominated by a few cyanobacterial species. These bacteria are able to use dinitrogen gas as the source for nitrogen and produce very specific lipids. We analyzed these lipids in a sediment core to study their presence over the past 7000 years. This reveals that cyanobacterial blooms have not only occurred in the last decades but were common at times when the Baltic was connected to the North Sea.
Daniel Neumann, Volker Matthias, Johannes Bieser, Armin Aulinger, and Markus Quante
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9905–9933, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9905-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9905-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric sea salt particles provide surface area for the condensation of gaseous substances and, thus, impact these substances' atmospheric residence time and chemical reactions. The number and size of sea salt particles govern the strength of these impacts. Therefore, these parameters should be reflected accurately in chemistry transport models. In this study, three different sea salt emission functions are compared in order to evaluate which one is best suited for the given model setup.
Daniel Neumann, Volker Matthias, Johannes Bieser, Armin Aulinger, and Markus Quante
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2921–2942, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2921-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2921-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Sea salt emissions were updated to be dependent on salinity which improved sodium predictions in the Baltic Sea region. The impact of sea salt on atmospheric nitrate and ammonium concentrations and on nitrogen deposition in the North and Baltic Sea region is assessed. Sea salt has a low effect on nitrate concentrations but does not improve them. 3 to 7 % of the nitrogen deposition into the North Sea is accounted to the presence of sea salt. In the Baltic Sea, the contribution is negligible.
Cited articles
Aagaard, K., Coachman, L., and Carmack, E.: On the halocline of the Arctic
Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 28, 529–545, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(81)90115-1, 1981. a
Assur, A.: Composition of Sea Ice and its Tensile Strength, in: Arctic Sea Ice, 106–138, U.S. National Academy of Science – National Research Council,
Washington, D.C., 1958. a
Baltic Icebreaking Management: Baltic Sea Icebreaking Report 2016–2017,
Tech. rep., Baltic Icebreaking Management,
available at:
http://baltice.org/app/static/pdf/BIM Report 16-17.pdf (last access: 19 June 2020), 2017. a
Geyer, B. and Rockel, B.: coastDat-2 COSMO-CLM Atmospheric Reconstruction,
https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/coastDat-2_COSMO-CLM, 2013. a
Granskog, M., Kaartokallio, H., Kuosa, H., Thomas, D. N., and Vainio, J.: Sea
ice in the Baltic Sea? A review, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 70,
145–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.06.001, 2006. a
Granskog, M. A., Kaartokallio, H., Kuosa, H., Thomas, D. N., Ehn, J., and
Sonninen, E.: Scales of horizontal patchiness in chlorophyll a, chemical and
physical properties of landfast sea ice in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea),
Polar Biology, 28, 276–283, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-004-0690-5, 2005. a
Griffies, S. M.: Fundamentals of Ocean Climate Models, Princeton University
Press, Princeton, NJ, 2004. a
Harvey, E. T., Kratzer, S., and Andersson, A.: Relationships between colored
dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon in different coastal
gradients of the Baltic Sea, AMBIO, 44, 392–401,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0658-4, 2015. a, b
ICO, SCOR, and IAPSO: The international thermodynamic equation of seawater –
2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties., Tech. Rep. 56,
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides, UNESCO, 2010. a
Ivanov, V., Shapiro, G., Huthnance, J., Aleynik, D., and Golovin, P.: Cascades
of dense water around the world ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 60, 47–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2003.12.002, 2004. a
Jerlov, N. (Ed.): Marine Optics, vol. 14 of Elsevier Oceanography
Series, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0422-9894(08)70789-X, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1976. a
Kabel, K., Moros, M., Porsche, C., Neumann, T., Adolphi, F., Andersen, T. J.,
Siegel, H., Gerth, M., Leipe, T., Jansen, E., and Sinninghe Damsté,
J. S.: Impact of climate change on the Baltic Sea ecosystem over the past
1000 years, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 871–874, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1595, 2012. a
Lass, H.-U. and Matthäus, W.: General Oceanography of the Baltic Sea,
chap. 2, 5–43, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470283134.ch2, 2008. a
Marmefelt, E. and Omstedt, A.: Deep water properties in the Gulf of Bothnia,
Cont. Shelf Res., 13, 169–187,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(93)90104-6, 1993. a, b, c, d
Meiners, K., Fehling, J., Granskog, M. A., and Spindler, M.: Abundance, biomass
and composition of biota in Baltic sea ice and underlying water (March 2000),
Polar Biol., 25, 761–770, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-002-0403-x, 2002. a
Mohrholz, V.: Major Baltic Inflow Statistics – Revised, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 384, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00384, 2018. a
Moros, M., Kotilainen, A. T., Snowball, I., Neumann, T., Perner, K., Meier,
H. M., Leipe, T., Zillén, L., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schneider,
R.: Is deep-water formation in the Baltic Sea a key to understanding seabed
dynamics and ventilation changes over the past 7000 years?, Quatern. Int., in press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.03.031, 2020. a
Müller, S., Vähätalo, A. V., Granskog, M. A., Autio, R., and
Kaartokallio, H.: Behaviour of dissolved organic matter during formation of
natural and artificially grown Baltic Sea ice, Ann. Glaciol., 52,
233–241, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931886, 2011. a, b
Müller, S., Vähätalo, A. V., Stedmon, C. A., Granskog, M. A., Norman, L.,
Aslam, S. N., Underwood, G. J., Dieckmann, G. S., and Thomas, D. N.:
Selective incorporation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during sea ice
formation, Mar. Chem., 155, 148–157,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2013.06.008, 2013. a, b
Neumann, T.: Climate-change effects on the Baltic Sea ecosystem: A model
study, J. Mar. Sys., 81, 213–224,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.12.001, 2010. a
Neumann, T.: Tracer Experiment Bothnian Bay, available at: https://thredds-iow.io-warnemuende.de/thredds/catalogs/publications/thomas/catalog_neumann2020_ref.html?dataset=IOW-THREDDS-Baltic_ref_2020-04-21-10, last access: 29 June 2020. a
Neumann, T., Siegel, H., and Gerth, M.: A new radiation model for Baltic Sea
ecosystem modelling, J. Mar. Sys., 152, 83–91,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.08.001, 2015. a
Nguyen, A. T., Menemenlis, D., and Kwok, R.: Improved modeling of the Arctic
halocline with a subgrid-scale brine rejection parameterization, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, C11014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005121, 2009. a, b
Peterson, A. K.: Observations of brine plumes below melting Arctic sea ice, Ocean Sci., 14, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-127-2018, 2018. a
Raateoja, M.: Deep-water oxygen conditions in the Bothnian Sea, Boreal Env.
Res., 18, 235–249, 2013. a
Shapiro, G. I., Huthnance, J. M., and Ivanov, V. V.: Dense water cascading off
the continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3390, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001610, 2003.
a, b, c
Skogseth, R., Smedsrud, L. H., Nilsen, F., and Fer, I.: Observations of
hydrography and downflow of brine-enriched shelf water in the Storfjorden
polynya, Svalbard, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C08049, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004452, 2008. a
Stigebrandt, A.: A Model for the Vertical Circulation of the Baltic
Deep Water, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1772–1785,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<1772:AMFTVC>2.0.CO;2, 1987. a, b
Winton, M.: A Reformulated Three-Layer Sea Ice Model, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 17, 525–531,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0525:ARTLSI>2.0.CO;2, 2000. a
Winton, M., Hallberg, R., and Gnanadesikan, A.: Simulation of Density-Driven
Frictional Downslope Flow in Z-Coordinate Ocean Models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 2163–2174,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<2163:SODDFD>2.0.CO;2, 1998. a
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(13870 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
The bottom water of the northern Baltic Sea usually is well oxygenated. We used a combined approach of numerical model simulations and in situ observations to investigate processes responsible for a regular ventilation of the Bothnian Bay. Surface water masses from the Bothnian Sea and the Bothnian Bay mix at the link between both regions. In winter, when water temperature is low, the resulting density is large enough that the water descends and replaces old bottom water.
The bottom water of the northern Baltic Sea usually is well oxygenated. We used a combined...
