Carroll, D., Sutherland, D. A., Shroyer, E. L., Nash, J. D., Catania, G. A.,
and Stearns, L. A.: Modeling turbulent subglacial meltwater plumes:
Implications for fjord-scale buoyancy-driven circulation, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 45, 2169–2185, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0033.1, 2015.
Carroll, D., Sutherland, D. A., Shroyer, E. L., Nash, J. D., Catania, G. A.,
and Stearns, L. A.: Subglacial discharge-driven renewal of tidewater glacier
fjords, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 6611–6629, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012962,
2017.
Catania, G. A., Stearns, L. A., Sutherland, D. A., Fried, M. J.,
Bartholomaus, T. C., Morlighem, M., Shroyer, E., and Nash,
J.: Geometric Controls on Tidewater Glacier Retreat in Central Western
Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 123, 2024–2038, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004499, 2018.
Chauché, N., Hubbard, A., Gascard, J.-C., Box, J. E., Bates, R., Koppes, M., Sole, A., Christoffersen, P., and Patton, H.: Ice–ocean interaction and calving front morphology at two west Greenland tidewater outlet glaciers, The Cryosphere, 8, 1457–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1457-2014, 2014.
Chu, V. W.: Greenland ice sheet hydrology: a review, Prog. Phys. Geogr.,
38, 19–54, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133313507075, 2014.
Enderlin, E., Howat, I., Jeong, S., Noh, M., van Angelen, J. H., and van den
Broeke, M. R.: An improved mass budget for the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 41, 866–872, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL059010, 2014.
Everett, A., Kohler, J., Sundfjord A., Kovacs, K. M., Torsvik, T., Pramanik,
A., Boehme, L., and Lydersen, C.: Subglacial discharge plume behaviour
revealed by CTD-instrumented ringed seals, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 13467,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31875-8, 2018.
Gade, H. G.: Melting of ice in sea water: A primitive model with application
to the Antarctic ice shelf and icebergs, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 189–198,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0189:MOIISW>2.0.CO;2,
1979.
Gimbert, F., Tsai, V. C., Amundson, J. M., Bartholomaus, T. C., and Walter
J. I.: Sub-seasonal changes observed in subglacial channel pressure, size,
and sediment transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3786–3794,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068337, 2016.
Holland, D. and Jenkins, A.: Modeling thermodynamic ice–ocean interactions
at the base of an ice shelf, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1787–1800,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1787:MTIOIA>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Howat, I. M., Negrete, A., and Smith, B. E.: The Greenland Ice Mapping Project (GIMP) land classification and surface elevation data sets, The Cryosphere, 8, 1509–1518, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1509-2014, 2014.
Jenkins, A.: The impact of melting ice on ocean waters, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
29, 2370–2391, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<2370:TIOMIO>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Jenkins, A.: Convection-driven melting near the grounding lines of ice
shelves and tidewater glaciers, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 2279–2294,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-03.1, 2011.
Kanna, N., Sugiyama, S., Ohashi, Y., Sakakibara, D., Fukamachi, Y., and
Nomura, D.: Upwelling of macronutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon by a
subglacial freshwater driven plume in Bowdoin Fjord, northwestern Greenland,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 123, 1666–1682, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JG004248,
2018.
Khan, S. A., Wahr, J., Bevis, M., Velicogna, I., and Kendrick, E.: Spread of
ice mass loss into northwest Greenland observed by GRACE and GPS, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 37, L06501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042460, 2010.
Kjær, K. H., Khan, S. A., Korsgaard, N. J., Wahr, J., Bamber, J. L.,
Hurkmans, R., van den Broeke, M., Timm, L. H., Kjeldsen, K. K., and
Bjørk, A. A.: Aerial photographs reveal late-20th-century dynamic ice
loss in northwestern Greenland, Science, 337, 596–573,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1220614, 2012.
Losch, M.: Modeling ice shelf cavities in a z coordinate ocean general
circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C08043, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004368,
2008.
Lydersen, C., Assmy, P., Falk-Petersen, S., Kohler, J., Kovacs, K. M.,
Reigstad, M., Steen, H., Strøm, H., Sundfjord, A., Varpe, Ø.,
Walczowski, W., Weslawski, J. M., and Zajaczkowski, M.: The importance of
tidewater glaciers for marine mammals and seabirds in Svalbard, Norway, J.
Mar. Syst., 129, 452–471, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.09.006, 2014.
Mankoff, K. D., Straneo, F., Cenedese, C., Das, S. B., Richards, C. G., and
Singh, H.: Structure and dynamics of a subglacial discharge plume in a
Greenlandic fjord, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 8670–8688, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011764, 2016.
Matsumura, Y. and Hasumi, H.: A non-hydrostatic ocean model with a scalable
multigrid Poisson solver, Ocean Model., 24, 15–28,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.05.001, 2008.
Matsumura, Y. and Hasumi, H.: Modeling ice shelf water overflow and bottom
water formation in the southern Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10033,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005841, 2010.
Meire, L., Mortensen, J., Meire, P., Juul-Pedersen, T., Sejr, M. K.,
Rysgaard, S., Nygaard, R., Huybrechts, F., and Meysman, F. J.:
Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords,
Glob. Change Biol., 23, 5344–5357, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13801, 2017.
Mortensen, J., Lennert, K., Bendtsen, J., and Rysgaard, S.: Heat sources for
glacial melt in a sub-Arctic fjord (Godthåbsfjord) in contact with the
Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C01013,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006528, 2011.
Mortensen, J., Bendtsen, J., Motyka, R. J., Lennert, K., Truffer, M.,
Fahnestock, M., and Rysgaard, S.: On the seasonal freshwater stratification
in the proximity of fast-flowing tidewater outlet glaciers in a sub-Arctic
sill fjord, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 1382–1395,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20134, 2013.
Motyka, R. J., Truffer, M., Fahnestock, M., Mortensen, J., Rysgaard, S., and
Howat, I. M.: Submarine melting of the 1985 Jakobshavn Isbræ floating
tongue and the triggering of the current retreat, J. Geophys. Res., 116,
F01007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001632, 2011.
Motyka, R. J., Dryer, W. P., Amundson, J., Truffer, M., and Fahnestock, M.:
Rapid submarine melting driven by subglacial discharge, LeConte Glacier,
Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5153–5158, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.51011, 2013.
Myers, P. G., Kulan, N., and Ribergaard, M. H.: Irminger Water variability
in the West Greenland Current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17601,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030419, 2007.
Noël, B., van de Berg, W. J., Machguth, H., Lhermitte, S., Howat, I., Fettweis, X., and van den Broeke, M. R.: A daily, 1 km resolution data set of downscaled Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance (1958–2015), The Cryosphere, 10, 2361–2377, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2361-2016, 2016.
Noël, B., van de Berg, W. J., van Wessem, J. M., van Meijgaard, E., van As, D., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lhermitte, S., Kuipers Munneke, P., Smeets, C. J. P. P., van Ulft, L. H., van de Wal, R. S. W., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Modelling the climate and surface mass balance of polar ice sheets using RACMO2 – Part 1: Greenland (1958–2016), The Cryosphere, 12, 811–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-811-2018, 2018.
Ohashi, Y., Iida, T., Sugiyama, S., and Aoki, S.: Spatial and temporal
variations in high turbidity surface water off the Thule region,
northwestern Greenland, Polar Sci., 10, 270–277,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2016.07.003, 2016.
Ohashi, Y., Aoki, S., Matsumura, Y., Sugiyama, S., Kanna, N., and
Sakakibara, D.: Observational data and numerical experimental files for subglacial discharge plume in Bowdoin Fjord, northwestern Greenland [Data set], Zenodo, available at:
https://zenodo.org/record/3532803 (last access: 6 April 2020), 2019.
O'Leary, M. and Christoffersen, P.: Calving on tidewater glaciers amplified by submarine frontal melting, The Cryosphere, 7, 119–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-119-2013, 2013.
Porter, D. F., Tinto, K. J., Boghosian, A., Cochran, J. R., Bell, R. E.,
Manizade, S. S., and Sonntag, J. G.: Bathymetric control of tidewater
glacier mass loss in northwest Greenland, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 401,
40–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.058, 2014.
Retamal, L., Bonilla, S., and Vincent, W. F.: Optical gradients and
phytoplankton production in the Mackenzie River and the coastal Beaufort
Sea, Polar Biol., 31, 363–379, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-007-0365-0, 2008.
Ribergaard, M. H., Olsen, S. M., and Mortensen, J.: Oceanographic
Investigations off West Greenland 2007, Danish Metrological Institute Centre
for Ocean and Ice (DMI), Copenhagen, 48 pp.,
available at:
https://archive.nafo.int/open/sc/2008/scr08-003.pdf (last access: 6 April 2020), 2008.
Rignot, E., Fenty, I., Xu, Y., Cai, C., and Kemp, C.: Undercutting of
marine-terminating glaciers in West Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42,
5909–5917, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064236, 2015.
Sciascia, R., Straneo, F., Cenedese, C., and Heimbach, P.: Seasonal
variability of submarine melt rate and circulation in an East Greenland
fjord, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 2492–2506, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20142,
2013.
Seguinot, J., Funk, M., Ryser, C., Jouvet, G., Bauder, A., and Sugiyama, S.:
Ice dynamics of Bowdoin tidewater glacier, Northwest Greenland, from
borehole measurements and numerical modelling, Geophys. Res. Abstr., 18,
EGU2016-11604-1, 2016.
Smagorinsky, J.: General circulation experiments with the primitive
equations: I. The basic experiment, Mon. Weather Rev., 91, 99–164,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0099:GCEWTP>2.3.CO;2,
1963.
Stevens, L. A., Straneo, F., Das, S. B., Plueddemann, A. J., Kukulya, A. L., and Morlighem, M.: Linking glacially modified waters to catchment-scale subglacial discharge using autonomous underwater vehicle observations, The Cryosphere, 10, 417–432, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-417-2016, 2016.
Straneo, F. and Cenedese, C.: The Dynamics of Greenland's Glacial Fjords and
Their Role in Climate, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 7, 89–112,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135133, 2015.
Straneo, F. and Heimbach, P.: North Atlantic warming and the retreat of
Greenland's outlet glaciers, Nature, 504, 36–43,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12854, 2013.
Straneo, F., Curry, R. G., Sutherland, D. A., Hamilton, G. S., Cenedese, C.,
Våge, K., and Stearns, L. A.: Impact of fjord dynamics and glacial
runoff on the circulation near Helheim Glacier, Nat. Geosci., 3,
182–186, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1109, 2011.
Straneo, F., Sutherland, D. A., Holland, D. M., Gladish, C., Hamilton, G.
S., Johnson, H. L., Rignot, E., Xu, Y., and Koppes, M.: Characteristics of
ocean waters reaching Greenland's glaciers, Ann. Glaciol., 53, 202–210,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2012AoG60A059, 2012.
Sugiyama, S., Sakakibara, D., Tsutaki, S., Maruyama, M., and Sawagaki, T.:
Glacier dynamics near the calving front of Bowdoin Glacier, northwestern
Greenland, J. Glaciol., 61, 223–232, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG14J127, 2015.
Sutherland, D. A. and Pickart, R. S.: The East Greenland Coastal Current:
structure, variability, and forcing, Prog. Oceanogr., 78, 58–77,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.09.006, 2008.
van den Broeke, M. R., Enderlin, E. M., Howat, I. M., Kuipers Munneke, P., Noël, B. P. Y., van de Berg, W. J., van Meijgaard, E., and Wouters, B.: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change, The Cryosphere, 10, 1933–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016, 2016.
Xu, Y., Rignot, E., Fenty, I., and Menemenlis, D.: Subaqueous melting of
Store Glacier, West Greenland from three-dimensional, high resolution
numerical modeling and ocean observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40,
4648–4653, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50825, 2013.