We evaluated the seasonal variability in Ekman transport, pumping and their relative contribution to total upwelling along the central-northern Chile region (~30ºS) from a high-resolution atmospheric model simulation. The results showed that the relative contribution of Ekman transport and pumping to the vertical transport along the coast, considering the estimated wind drop-off length, indicated meridional alternation between both mechanisms, modulated by orography and the intricate coastline.

We used a recently developed tool – FluxEngine, to calculate monthly net carbon air–sea CO₂ fluxes for the extratropical North Atlantic Ocean, European Arctic, and global values, using several available parameterizations of gas transfer velocity on different dependence of wind speed. The aim of the study is to constrain the uncertainty caused by the choice of parameterization in the North Atlantic, a large sink of CO₂ and a region with good measurement coverage, characterized by strong winds.

This paper describes coastal ocean forecasting practices exemplified for the North Sea and Baltic Sea. It identifies new challenges, most of which are associated with the nonlinear behavior of coastal oceans. It describes the assimilation of remote sensing, in situ and HF radar data, prediction of wind waves and storm surges, as well as applications to search and rescue operations. Seamless applications to coastal and estuarine modeling are also presented.