We describe the OceanFlux Greenhouse Gases methodology for creating an ocean surface CO2 climatology. In situ measurements valid for instantaneous sea surface temperature (SST) were recomputed using a more consistent and averaged SST. The results were normalised to year 2010, averaged by month, and interpolated onto a global 1°×1° grid. The 12 monthly distributions of ocean surface CO2 (see supplement) can be used in air-sea gas flux calculations together with climatologies of other variables.

The paper describes the analysis of wave energy along the coast of Sicily (Italy). A third-generation model was adopted to reconstruct the wave data along the coast over a period of 14 years. The analysis of the wave energy allowed characterising the most energetic zones and to individuate eight hotspots suitable for the implementation of wave energy converter farms.

Temperature fields in marine sediments are controlled by the geothermal steady state heat flow and the bottom water temperature. Thus, the current sediments' temperature field stores the history of bottom water temperature variation. The aim of this work is the inverse modeling of the bottom water temperature variation in the last year from instantaneous measurements of the depth-dependent temperature and the thermal diffusivity.

Marine biogeochemical ocean models are embedded into earth system models - which are, to an increasing degree, applied to project the fate of our warming world. These biogeochemical models generally depend on poorly constrained model parameters. In this study we investigate the the demands on observations for an objective estimation of such parameters. A major result is that even modest noise (10%) inherent to observations can hinder the assignment of reasonable parameters.

Many ocean circulation models use representations of lateral mixing based on instability theories that predict weak mixing in the ocean interior, much lower than observed. We show that using more realistic mixing improves the distribution of mantle helium-3. It does not, however, resolve the paradox that models reproduce the relationship between mantle helium and radiocarbon with a flux of helium-3 lower than is consistent with the heat leaving the mantle.

Changes in mass transport of the Florida Current induce significant coastal sea level changes along the Florida Straits and middle Atlantic coast of North America. Analysis of Florida Current transport data finds a decrease in mean transport over the last decade. This decrease coincides with a decrease in AMOC and acceleration of coastal sea levels along the Florida Straits.

Oceanic eddies are closed circulation features that transport water between regions, taking part in the ocean's heat and salt balance. We perform a comparative eddy census in the East Australian, Agulhas and Brazil currents. We find that eddy propagation in all systems is steered by the local mean flow and bathymetry. Also, eddies present a geographic segregation according to size. Investigating eddy propagation helps us to better understand their effect in local mixing.

An advanced tsunami generation, propagation and coastal inundation model is applied to simulate representative earthquake-induced tsunami scenarios in the Eastern Mediterranean. Two areas of interest were selected after evaluating tsunamigenic zones and possible sources in the region: one at the SE of Crete (Greece) and one at the E of Sicily (Italy). Results are indicative of the model’s capabilities, as well of how areas in the Eastern Mediterranean would be affected by eventual larger events.

The paper studies the impact of the use of relative winds (i.e., winds minus ocean currents) to compute heat and momentum fluxes at sea surface. This was done in an area interested by mesoscale eddies and a local boundary current. Impact is relevant both for heat and momentum fluxes. Major differences can be observed in areas with large mesoscale activity. Results suggest that surface currents component in fluxes computation should not be neglected even at such scales and latitudes.