Articles | Volume 7, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-1-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-1-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Jan 2011
Research article |
| 06 Jan 2011
Absolute Salinity, ''Density Salinity'' and the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale: present and future use in the seawater standard TEOS-10
D. G. Wright
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada
deceased
R. Pawlowicz
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
T. J. McDougall
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, G.P.O. Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
R. Feistel
Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung, Seestraße 15, 18119 Warnemünde, Germany
G. M. Marion
Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
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52 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- The effects of biogeochemical processes on oceanic conductivity/salinity/density relationships and the characterization of real seawater R. Pawlowicz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-363-2011
- Synthesis and physical properties characterization of artificial seawater samples A. Rousseva et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2026.112759
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- High-Sensitivity Seawater Salinity Sensing With Cladding Etched Fiber Bragg Grating Technology J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2023.3279324
- Modelling sensitivities to mixing and advection in a sill-basin estuarine system N. Soontiens & S. Allen https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.02.008
- Sensor design for saltwater ingress detection in high reliable all-electric deep sea actuators M. Hiller et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105033
- Northward Pathway Across the Tropical North Pacific Ocean Revealed by Surface Salinity: How do El Niño Anomalies Reach Hawaii? A. Hasson et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013423
- IAPSO: tales from the ocean frontier D. Smythe-Wright et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-137-2019
- Thermodynamics of Evaporation from the Ocean Surface R. Feistel & O. Hellmuth https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030560
- The absolute salinity of seawater and its measurands M. Le Menn et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aaea92
- Error Analysis in Determination of Density and Temperature of Saline Solution Using Fiber Optic Photoacoustic Transducer Coated with MoS2-PDMS Composite C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050762
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- A statistic of water mass intrusions in the south Indian Ocean between 100° E and 110° E M. Tomczak https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01251-9
- Estimating absolute salinity (SA) in the world׳s oceans using density and composition R. Woosley et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.07.009
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- Measuring Salinity and Density of Seawater Samples with Different Salt Compositions and Suspended Materials A. Grekov et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology1020008
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- Density and derived properties of standard seawater up to high pressure in stable and metastable states R. Romeo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103624
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- Anomalous salinity-density relations of seawater in the eastern central Atlantic S. Weinreben & R. Feistel https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103160
- Uncertainties in Steric Sea Level Change Estimation During the Satellite Altimeter Era: Concepts and Practices C. MacIntosh et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-016-9387-x
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- A method for correcting seal-borne oceanographic data and application to the estimation of regional sea ice thickness E. Frazer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.08.002
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- The Knudsen theorem and the Total Exchange Flow analysis framework applied to the Baltic Sea H. Burchard et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.04.004
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- Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations L. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638
- Analysis of Seasonal and Long-Term Variations in the Surface and Vertical Structures of the Lofoten Vortex Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071903
- Thermodynamic concepts used in physical oceanography T. McDougall https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-923-2026
- Surface and Interior Dynamics of Arctic Seas Using Surface Quasi-Geostrophic Approach M. Umbert et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071722
- Thin and transient meltwater layers and false bottoms in the Arctic sea ice pack—Recent insights on these historically overlooked features M. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00025
- A novel approach to TDS estimation in desalination systems using differential pressure sensing P. Parmar et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2026.1802159
- Density of standard seawater by vibrating tube densimeter: Analysis of the method and results R. Romeo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103157
- Metrology of pH Measurements in Brackish Waters—Part 2: Experimental Characterization of Purified meta-Cresol Purple for Spectrophotometric pHT Measurements J. Müller & G. Rehder https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00177
- Beyond L-band: 0.4-2 GHz wideband radiometry for observing surface salinity in cold seawater J. Boutin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115596
- Metrological traceability of oceanographic salinity measurement results S. Seitz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-45-2011
52 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The effect of mirabilite precipitation on the absolute and practical salinities of sea ice brines B. Butler et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.06.003
- The interpretation of temperature and salinity variables in numerical ocean model output and the calculation of heat fluxes and heat content T. McDougall et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6445-2021
- The effects of biogeochemical processes on oceanic conductivity/salinity/density relationships and the characterization of real seawater R. Pawlowicz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-363-2011
- Synthesis and physical properties characterization of artificial seawater samples A. Rousseva et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2026.112759
- A thermodynamic potential of seawater in terms of Absolute Salinity, Conservative Temperature, and in situ pressure T. McDougall et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1719-2023
- A scale-aware subgrid model for quasi-geostrophic turbulence S. Bachman et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012265
- Estimating quality of indirect measurements of sea water sound velocity by CTD data A. Grekov et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109073
- High-Sensitivity Seawater Salinity Sensing With Cladding Etched Fiber Bragg Grating Technology J. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2023.3279324
- Modelling sensitivities to mixing and advection in a sill-basin estuarine system N. Soontiens & S. Allen https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.02.008
- Sensor design for saltwater ingress detection in high reliable all-electric deep sea actuators M. Hiller et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105033
- Northward Pathway Across the Tropical North Pacific Ocean Revealed by Surface Salinity: How do El Niño Anomalies Reach Hawaii? A. Hasson et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013423
- IAPSO: tales from the ocean frontier D. Smythe-Wright et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-137-2019
- Thermodynamics of Evaporation from the Ocean Surface R. Feistel & O. Hellmuth https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030560
- The absolute salinity of seawater and its measurands M. Le Menn et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aaea92
- Error Analysis in Determination of Density and Temperature of Saline Solution Using Fiber Optic Photoacoustic Transducer Coated with MoS2-PDMS Composite C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050762
- Estimating the Absolute Salinity of Chinese offshore waters using nutrients and inorganic carbon data F. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-909-2021
- The Absolute Salinity of seawater diluted by riverwater R. Pawlowicz https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.03.006
- A statistic of water mass intrusions in the south Indian Ocean between 100° E and 110° E M. Tomczak https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01251-9
- Estimating absolute salinity (SA) in the world׳s oceans using density and composition R. Woosley et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.07.009
- TEOS-10 and the climatic relevance of ocean–atmosphere interaction R. Feistel https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1367-2024
- Eddy Tracking From In Situ and Satellite Observations Z. Erickson et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC019701
- Proteome Analysis Reveals Extensive Light Stress-Response Reprogramming in the Seagrass Zostera muelleri (Alismatales, Zosteraceae) Metabolism M. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.02023
- Measuring Salinity and Density of Seawater Samples with Different Salt Compositions and Suspended Materials A. Grekov et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology1020008
- Microstructure observations and mixing parameterizations along an Atlantic transect in very weak turbulence N. Kusters et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-3397-2025
- Diapycnal Mixing and Double Diffusion over the Continental Slope in the Northern Sea of Japan in the Warm Half-Year D. Stepanov et al. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0002351523050103
- Oceanographic Signatures and Pressure Monitoring of Seafloor Vertical Deformation in Near-coastal, Shallow Water Areas: A Case Study from Santorini Caldera G. Vilaseca et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2016.1226222
- A global algorithm for estimating Absolute Salinity T. McDougall et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-1123-2012
- Thermodynamic properties of seawater, ice and humid air: TEOS-10, before and beyond R. Feistel https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-471-2018
- Effects of Suspended Sediment on Salinity Measurements Z. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2017.2653278
- Density and derived properties of standard seawater up to high pressure in stable and metastable states R. Romeo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103624
- Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables Part 2: oceanic salinity R. Pawlowicz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/R12
- Anomalous salinity-density relations of seawater in the eastern central Atlantic S. Weinreben & R. Feistel https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103160
- Uncertainties in Steric Sea Level Change Estimation During the Satellite Altimeter Era: Concepts and Practices C. MacIntosh et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-016-9387-x
- Technical note: TEOS-10 Excel – implementation of the Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater – 2010 in Excel C. Martins & J. Cross https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-627-2022
- Application of the practical salinity scale to the waters of San Francisco estuary P. Hutton & S. Roy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108380
- A method for correcting seal-borne oceanographic data and application to the estimation of regional sea ice thickness E. Frazer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.08.002
- Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables: oceanic salinity and pH, and atmospheric humidity. Part 1: overview R. Feistel et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/R1
- A bespoke chloride sensor for seawater: Simple and fast with a silver electrode Y. Guo & R. Compton https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122502
- Foraminiferal patterns and palaeoenvironmental inferences from DEL-1 well, offshore Niger Delta B. Oretade et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104412
- The Knudsen theorem and the Total Exchange Flow analysis framework applied to the Baltic Sea H. Burchard et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.04.004
- The electrical conductivity of seawater at high temperatures and salinities R. Pawlowicz https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.06.001
- Diapycnal Mixing and Double Diffusion over the Continental Slope in the Northern Sea of Japan in the Warm Half-Year D. Stepanov et al. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433823050109
- Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations L. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705638
- Analysis of Seasonal and Long-Term Variations in the Surface and Vertical Structures of the Lofoten Vortex Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071903
- Thermodynamic concepts used in physical oceanography T. McDougall https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-923-2026
- Surface and Interior Dynamics of Arctic Seas Using Surface Quasi-Geostrophic Approach M. Umbert et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071722
- Thin and transient meltwater layers and false bottoms in the Arctic sea ice pack—Recent insights on these historically overlooked features M. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00025
- A novel approach to TDS estimation in desalination systems using differential pressure sensing P. Parmar et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2026.1802159
- Density of standard seawater by vibrating tube densimeter: Analysis of the method and results R. Romeo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103157
- Metrology of pH Measurements in Brackish Waters—Part 2: Experimental Characterization of Purified meta-Cresol Purple for Spectrophotometric pHT Measurements J. Müller & G. Rehder https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00177
- Beyond L-band: 0.4-2 GHz wideband radiometry for observing surface salinity in cold seawater J. Boutin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115596
- Metrological traceability of oceanographic salinity measurement results S. Seitz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-45-2011
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