Articles | Volume 20, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-341-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-341-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Mar 2024
Research article |
| 18 Mar 2024
| 18 Mar 2024
Drivers of Laptev Sea interannual variability in salinity and temperature
Phoebe A. Hudson
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Adrien C. H. Martin
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
NOVELTIS, Labège, France
Simon A. Josey
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Alice Marzocchi
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Athanasios Angeloudis
School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Related authors
No articles found.
Zanna Chase, Karen E. Kohfeld, Amy Leventer, David Lund, Xavier Crosta, Laurie Menviel, Helen C. Bostock, Matthew Chadwick, Samuel L. Jaccard, Jacob Jones, Alice Marzocchi, Katrin J. Meissner, Elisabeth Sikes, Louise C. Sime, and Luke Skinner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3504, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3504, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of recent dramatic declines in Antarctic sea ice on the Earth system are uncertain. We reviewed how sea ice affects ocean circulation, ice sheets, winds, and the carbon cycle by considering theory and modern observations alongside paleo-proxy reconstructions. We found evidence for connections between sea ice and these systems but also conflicting results, which point to missing knowledge. Our work highlights the complex role of sea ice in the Earth system.
Jennifer Cocks, Alessandro Silvano, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Oana Dragomir, Noémie Schifano, Anna E. Hogg, and Alice Marzocchi
Ocean Sci., 21, 1609–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1609-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1609-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Heat and freshwater fluxes in the Southern Ocean mediate global ocean circulation and abyssal ventilation. These fluxes manifest as changes in steric height: sea level anomalies from changes in ocean density. We compute the steric height anomaly of the Southern Ocean using satellite data and validate it against in situ observations. We analyse trends and variability in steric height, drawing links to climate variability, and discuss the effectiveness of the method, highlighting issues with its application.
Andreas Schiller, Simon A. Josey, John Siddorn, and Ibrahim Hoteit
State Planet, 5-opsr, 18, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-18-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-18-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study illustrates the way atmospheric fields are used in ocean models as boundary conditions for the provisioning of the exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum fluxes. Such fluxes can be based on remote sensing instruments or provided directly by numerical weather prediction systems. Air–sea flux datasets are defined by their spatial and temporal resolutions and are limited by associated biases. Air–sea flux datasets for ocean models should be chosen with the applications in mind.
David L. McCann, Adrien C. H. Martin, Karlus A. C. de Macedo, Ruben Carrasco Alvarez, Jochen Horstmann, Louis Marié, José Márquez-Martínez, Marcos Portabella, Adriano Meta, Christine Gommenginger, Petronilo Martin-Iglesias, and Tania Casal
Ocean Sci., 20, 1109–1122, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1109-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the results of the first scientific campaign of a new method to remotely sense the small-scale, fast-evolving dynamics that are vital to our understanding of coastal and shelf sea processes. This work represents the first demonstration of the simultaneous measurement of current and wind vectors from this novel method. Comparisons with other current measuring systems and models around the dynamic area of the Iroise Sea are presented and show excellent agreement.
Marilena Oltmanns, N. Penny Holliday, James Screen, Ben I. Moat, Simon A. Josey, D. Gwyn Evans, and Sheldon Bacon
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 109–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-109-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The melting of land ice and sea ice leads to freshwater input into the ocean. Based on observations, we show that stronger freshwater anomalies in the subpolar North Atlantic in winter are followed by warmer and drier weather over Europe in summer. The identified link indicates an enhanced predictability of European summer weather at least a winter in advance. It further suggests that warmer and drier summers over Europe can become more frequent under increased freshwater fluxes in the future.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Xavier Crosta, Karen E. Kohfeld, Helen C. Bostock, Matthew Chadwick, Alice Du Vivier, Oliver Esper, Johan Etourneau, Jacob Jones, Amy Leventer, Juliane Müller, Rachael H. Rhodes, Claire S. Allen, Pooja Ghadi, Nele Lamping, Carina B. Lange, Kelly-Anne Lawler, David Lund, Alice Marzocchi, Katrin J. Meissner, Laurie Menviel, Abhilash Nair, Molly Patterson, Jennifer Pike, Joseph G. Prebble, Christina Riesselman, Henrik Sadatzki, Louise C. Sime, Sunil K. Shukla, Lena Thöle, Maria-Elena Vorrath, Wenshen Xiao, and Jiao Yang
Clim. Past, 18, 1729–1756, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1729-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1729-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Despite its importance in the global climate, our knowledge of Antarctic sea-ice changes throughout the last glacial–interglacial cycle is extremely limited. As part of the Cycles of Sea Ice Dynamics in the Earth system (C-SIDE) Working Group, we review marine- and ice-core-based sea-ice proxies to provide insights into their applicability and limitations. By compiling published records, we provide information on Antarctic sea-ice dynamics over the past 130 000 years.
Rachael N. C. Sanders, Daniel C. Jones, Simon A. Josey, Bablu Sinha, and Gael Forget
Ocean Sci., 18, 953–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In 2015, record low temperatures were observed in the North Atlantic. Using an ocean model, we show that surface heat loss in December 2013 caused 75 % of the initial cooling before this "cold blob" was trapped below the surface. The following summer, the cold blob re-emerged due to a strong temperature difference between the surface ocean and below, driving vertical diffusion of heat. Lower than average surface warming then led to the coldest temperature anomalies in August 2015.
Marilena Oltmanns, N. Penny Holliday, James Screen, D. Gwyn Evans, Simon A. Josey, Sheldon Bacon, and Ben I. Moat
Weather Clim. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2021-79, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2021-79, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is currently warming twice as fast as the global average. This results in enhanced melting and thus freshwater releases into the North Atlantic. Using a combination of observations and models, we show that atmosphere-ocean feedbacks initiated by freshwater releases into the North Atlantic lead to warmer and drier weather over Europe in subsequent summers. The existence of this dynamical link suggests that European summer weather can potentially be predicted months to years in advance.
Tillys Petit, M. Susan Lozier, Simon A. Josey, and Stuart A. Cunningham
Ocean Sci., 17, 1353–1365, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1353-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1353-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Recent work has highlighted the dominant role of the Irminger and Iceland basins in the production of North Atlantic Deep Water. From our analysis, we find that air–sea fluxes and the ocean surface density field are both key determinants of the buoyancy-driven transformation in the Iceland Basin. However, the spatial distribution of the subpolar mode water (SPMW) transformation is most sensitive to surface density changes as opposed to the direct influence of the air–sea fluxes.
Alice Marzocchi, A. J. George Nurser, Louis Clément, and Elaine L. McDonagh
Ocean Sci., 17, 935–952, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-935-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-935-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean absorbs a large proportion of the excess heat and anthropogenic carbon in the climate system. This uptake is modulated by air–sea fluxes and by the processes that transport water from the surface into the ocean’s interior. We performed numerical simulations with interannually varying passive tracers and identified the key role of surface atmospheric forcing in setting the longer-term variability in the distribution of the tracers after they are transported below the ocean’s surface.
Louis Marié, Fabrice Collard, Frédéric Nouguier, Lucia Pineau-Guillou, Danièle Hauser, François Boy, Stéphane Méric, Peter Sutherland, Charles Peureux, Goulven Monnier, Bertrand Chapron, Adrien Martin, Pierre Dubois, Craig Donlon, Tania Casal, and Fabrice Ardhuin
Ocean Sci., 16, 1399–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With present-day techniques, ocean surface currents are poorly known near the Equator and globally for spatial scales under 200 km and timescales under 30 d. Wide-swath radar Doppler measurements are an alternative technique. Such direct surface current measurements are, however, affected by platform motions and waves. These contributions are analyzed in data collected during the DRIFT4SKIM airborne and in situ experiment, demonstrating the possibility of measuring currents from space globally.
Paul J. Valdes, Edward Armstrong, Marcus P. S. Badger, Catherine D. Bradshaw, Fran Bragg, Michel Crucifix, Taraka Davies-Barnard, Jonathan J. Day, Alex Farnsworth, Chris Gordon, Peter O. Hopcroft, Alan T. Kennedy, Natalie S. Lord, Dan J. Lunt, Alice Marzocchi, Louise M. Parry, Vicky Pope, William H. G. Roberts, Emma J. Stone, Gregory J. L. Tourte, and Jonny H. T. Williams
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3715–3743, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3715-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3715-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the family of climate models used by the BRIDGE research group at the University of Bristol as well as by various other institutions. These models are based on the UK Met Office HadCM3 models and here we describe the various modifications which have been made as well as the key features of a number of configurations in use.
Simona Aracri, Katrin Schroeder, Jacopo Chiggiato, Harry Bryden, Elaine McDonagh, Simon Josey, Yann Hello, and Mireno Borghini
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2016-65, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2016-65, 2016
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The abyssal velocity of the Northern Current, in the north-western Mediterranean has been estimated using for the first time MERMAIDs, i.e. submarine drifting instruments that record seismic waves. In this study the Northern Current shows an intense activity even in deep layers of the water column. Through pseudo-eulerian statistics different components of the observed variability are analysed and described, revealing the turbulent nature of the Liguro-Provençal basin abyssal circulation.
A. Marzocchi, D. J. Lunt, R. Flecker, C. D. Bradshaw, A. Farnsworth, and F. J. Hilgen
Clim. Past, 11, 1271–1295, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the climatic response to orbital forcing through the analysis of an ensemble of simulations covering a late Miocene precession cycle. Including orbital variability in our model–data comparison reduces the mismatch between the proxy record and model output. Our results indicate that ignoring orbital variability could lead to miscorrelations in proxy reconstructions. The North African summer monsoon's sensitivity is high to orbits, moderate to paleogeography and low to CO2.
Related subject area
Approach: Remote Sensing | Properties and processes: Coastal and near-shore processes
Surface circulation characterization along the middle southern coastal region of Vietnam from high-frequency radar and numerical modeling
Ensemble reconstruction of missing satellite data using a denoising diffusion model: application to chlorophyll a concentration in the Black Sea
A new airborne system for simultaneous high-resolution ocean vector current and wind mapping: first demonstration of the SeaSTAR mission concept in the macrotidal Iroise Sea
Thanh Huyen Tran, Alexei Sentchev, Thai To Duy, Marine Herrmann, Sylvain Ouillon, and Kim Cuong Nguyen
Ocean Sci., 21, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, high-resolution surface current data from high-frequency radar have been obtained along the central and southern coasts of Vietnam, and combined with a modelling approach, this is helping scientists to understand coastal processes. The research showed that the surface circulation is driven not only by winds, but also by other factors. This can enrich public knowledge of the coastal dynamics that govern other environmental impacts along the coasts.
Alexander Barth, Julien Brajard, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Bayoumy Mohamed, Charles Troupin, and Jean-Marie Beckers
Ocean Sci., 20, 1567–1584, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Most satellite observations have gaps, for example, due to clouds. This paper presents a method to reconstruct missing data in satellite observations of the chlorophyll a concentration in the Black Sea. Rather than giving a single possible reconstructed field, the discussed method provides an ensemble of possible reconstructions using a generative neural network. The resulting ensemble is validated using techniques from numerical weather prediction and ocean modelling.
David L. McCann, Adrien C. H. Martin, Karlus A. C. de Macedo, Ruben Carrasco Alvarez, Jochen Horstmann, Louis Marié, José Márquez-Martínez, Marcos Portabella, Adriano Meta, Christine Gommenginger, Petronilo Martin-Iglesias, and Tania Casal
Ocean Sci., 20, 1109–1122, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1109-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the results of the first scientific campaign of a new method to remotely sense the small-scale, fast-evolving dynamics that are vital to our understanding of coastal and shelf sea processes. This work represents the first demonstration of the simultaneous measurement of current and wind vectors from this novel method. Comparisons with other current measuring systems and models around the dynamic area of the Iroise Sea are presented and show excellent agreement.
Cited articles
Anderson, L. G., Jutterström, S., Kaltin, S., Jones, E. P., and Björk, G.: Variability in river runoff distribution in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, C01016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001773, 2004.
Are, F. and Reimnitz, E.: An Overview of the Lena River Delta Setting: Geology, Tectonics, Geomorphology, and Hydrology, J. Coast. Res., 16, 1083–1093, 2000.
Armitage, T. W. K., Bacon, S., and Kwok, R.: Arctic Sea Level and Surface Circulation Response to the Arctic Oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 6576–6584, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078386, 2018.
Arpaia, L., Ferrarin, C., Bajo, M., and Umgiesser, G.: A flexible z-layers approach for the accurate representation of free surface flows in a coastal ocean model (SHYFEM v. 7_5_71), Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6899–6919, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, 2023.
Bauch, D., Gröger, M., Dmitrenko, I., Hölemann, J., Kirillov, S., Mackensen, A., Taldenkova, E., and Andersen, N.: Atmospheric controlled freshwater release at the Laptev Sea continental margin, Polar Res., 30, 5858, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v30i0.5858, 2010.
Bauch, D., Hölemann, J. A., Nikulina, A., Wegner, C., Janout, M. A., Timokhov, L. A., and Kassens, H.: Correlation of river water and local sea-ice melting on the Laptev Sea shelf (Siberian Arctic), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 550–561, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20076, 2013.
Baumann, T. M., Polyakov, I. V., Pnyushkov, A. V., Rember, R., Ivanov, V. V., Alkire, M. B., Goszczko, I., and Carmack, E. C.: On the Seasonal Cycles Observed at the Continental Slope of the Eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 1451–1470, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0163.1, 2018.
Behrendt, A., Sumata, H., Rabe, B., and Schauer, U.: A comprehensive, quality-controlled and up-to-date data set of temperature and salinity data for the Arctic Mediterranean Sea (Version 1.0), links to data files, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.872931, 2017.
Biló, T. C., Straneo, F., Holte, J., and Le Bras, I. A.-A.: Arrival of New Great Salinity Anomaly Weakens Convection in the Irminger Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098857, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098857, 2022.
Charette, M. A., Kipp, L. E., Jensen, L. T., Dabrowski, J. S., Whitmore, L. M., Fitzsimmons, J. N., Williford, T., Ulfsbo, A., Jones, E., Bundy, R. M., Vivancos, S. M., Pahnke, K., John, S. G., Xiang, Y., Hatta, M., Petrova, M. V., Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E., Bauch, D., Newton, R., Pasqualini, A., Agather, A. M., Amon, R. M. W., Anderson, R. F., Andersson, P. S., Benner, R., Bowman, K. L., Edwards, R. L., Gdaniec, S., Gerringa, L. J. A., González, A. G., Granskog, M., Haley, B., Hammerschmidt, C. R., Hansell, D. A., Henderson, P. B., Kadko, D. C., Kaiser, K., Laan, P., Lam, P. J., Lamborg, C. H., Levier, M., Li, X., Margolin, A. R., Measures, C., Middag, R., Millero, F. J., Moore, W. S., Paffrath, R., Planquette, H., Rabe, B., Reader, H., Rember, R., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Roy-Barman, M., Rutgers van der Loeff, M., Saito, M., Schauer, U., Schlosser, P., Sherrell, R. M., Shiller, A. M., Slagter, H., Sonke, J. E., Stedmon, C., Woosley, R. J., Valk, O., van Ooijen, J., and Zhang, R.: The Transpolar Drift as a Source of Riverine and Shelf-Derived Trace Elements to the Central Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015920, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015920, 2020.
Dean, K. G., Stringer, W. J., Ahlnas, K., Searcy, C., and Weingartner, T.: The influence of river discharge on the thawing of sea ice, Mackenzie River Delta: albedo and temperature analyses, Polar Res., 13, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1994.tb00439.x, 1994.
Dmitrenko, I., Kirillov, S., Eicken, H., and Markova, N.: Wind-driven summer surface hydrography of the eastern Siberian shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14613, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023022, 2005.
Dmitrenko, I. A., Kirillov, S. A., and Tremblay, L. B.: The long-term and interannual variability of summer fresh water storage over the eastern Siberian shelf: Implication for climatic change, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C03007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004304, 2008.
Dong, J., Shi, X., Gong, X., Astakhov, A. S., Hu, L., Liu, X., Yang, G., Wang, Y., Vasilenko, Y., Qiao, S., Bosin, A., and Lohmann, G.: Enhanced Arctic sea ice melting controlled by larger heat discharge of mid-Holocene rivers, Nat. Commun., 13, 5368, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33106-1, 2022.
Dubinina, E. O., Kossova, S. A., Miroshnikov, A. Y., and Kokryatskaya, N. M.: Isotope (δD, δ18O) systematics in waters of the Russian Arctic seas, Geochem. Int., 55, 1022–1032, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702917110052, 2017.
European Union-Copernicus Marine Service: Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis, CMEMS [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/MOI-00021, 2018.
Fofonova, V., Androsov, A., Danilov, S., Janout, M., Sofina, E., and Wiltshire, K.: Semidiurnal tides in the Laptev Sea Shelf zone in the summer season, Cont. Shelf Res., 73, 119–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.11.010, 2014.
Fournier, S., Lee, T., Tang, W., Steele, M., and Olmedo, E.: Evaluation and Intercomparison of SMOS, Aquarius, and SMAP Sea Surface Salinity Products in the Arctic Ocean, Remote Sens., 11, 3043, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11243043, 2019.
Gommenginger, C., Chapron, B., Hogg, A., Buckingham, C., Fox-Kemper, B., Eriksson, L., Soulat, F., Ubelmann, C., Ocampo-Torres, F., Nardelli, B. B., Griffin, D., Lopez-Dekker, F., Knudsen, P., Andersen, O. B., Stenseng, L., Stapleton, N., Perrie, W., Violante-Carvalho, N., Schulz-Stellenfleth, J., Woolf, D., Isern-Fontanet, J., Ardhuin, F., Klein, P. M., Mouche, A., Pascual, A., Capet, X., Hauser, D., Stoffelen, A., Morrow, R. A., Aouf, L., Breivik, Ø., Fu, L. L., Johannessen, J. A., Aksenov, Y., Bricheno, L., Hirschi, J., Martin, A. C., Martin, A. P., Nurser, G., Polton, J., Wolf, J., Johnsen, H., Soloviev, A., Jacobs, G., Collard, F., Groom, S. B., Kudryavstev, V., Wilkin, J. L., Navarro, V., Babanin, A., Martin, M. J., Siddorn, J., Saulter, A., Rippeth, T., Emery, W., Maximenko, N., Romeiser, R., Graber, H., Alvera-Azcárate, A., Hughes, C., Vandemark, D., da Silva, J., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Naveira-Gabarato, A., Gemmrich, J., Mahadevan, A., Marquez, J., Munro, Y., Doody, S., and Burbidge, G.: SEASTAR: A mission to study ocean submesoscale dynamics and small-scale atmosphere-ocean processes in coastal, shelf and polar seas, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 457, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00457, 2019.
Good, S. A., Embury, O., Bulgin, C. E., and Mittaz, J.: ESA Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (SST_cci): Level 4 Analysis Climate Data Record, version 2.1, CEDA [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/62C0F97B1EAC4E0197A674870AFE1EE6, 2019.
Hall, S. B., Subrahmanyam, B., Nyadjro, E. S., and Samuelsen, A.: Surface freshwater fluxes in the arctic and subarctic seas during contrasting years of high and low summer sea ice extent, Remote Sens., 13, 1570, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081570, 2021.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Heuzé, C., Zanowski, H., Karam, S., and Muilwijk, M.: The Deep Arctic Ocean and Fram Strait in CMIP6 Models, J. Climate, 36, 2551–2584, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0194.1, 2023.
Hölemann, J. A., Kirillov, S., Klagge, T., Novikhin, A., Kassens, H., and Timokhov, L.: Near-bottom water warming in the Laptev Sea in response to atmospheric and sea-ice conditions in 2007, Polar Res., 30, 6425, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v30i0.6425, 2011.
Hordoir, R., Skagseth, Ø., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Sandø, A. B., Löptien, U., Dietze, H., Gierisch, A. M. U., Assmann, K. M., Lundesgaard, Ø., and Lind, S.: Changes in Arctic Stratification and Mixed Layer Depth Cycle: A Modeling Analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 127, e2021JC017270, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017270, 2022.
Horner-Devine, A. R., Hetland, R. D., and MacDonald, D. G.: Mixing and Transport in Coastal River Plumes, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 47, 569–594, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141408, 2015.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change): Special Report: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (final draft), IPCC Summ. Policymalers, TBD, TBD, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srocc/ (last access: 5 March 2024), 2019.
Janout, M. A. and Lenn, Y.-D.: Semidiurnal Tides on the Laptev Sea Shelf with Implications for Shear and Vertical Mixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 202–219, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0240.1, 2014.
Janout, M. A., Aksenov, Y., Hölemann, J. A., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Polyakov, I. V., Bacon, S., Coward, A. C., Karcher, M., Lenn, Y.-D., Kassens, H., and Timokhov, L.: Kara Sea freshwater transport through Vilkitsky Strait: Variability, forcing, and further pathways toward the western Arctic Ocean from a model and observations: KARA SEA FRESHWATER TRANSPORT, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 4925–4944, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010635, 2015.
Janout, M., Hölemann, J., Juhls, B., Krumpen, T., Rabe, B., Bauch, D., Wegner, C., Kassens, H., and Timokhov, L.: Episodic warming of near-bottom waters under the Arctic sea ice on the central Laptev Sea shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 264–272, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066565, 2016.
Janout, M. A., Ivanov, V., Hölemann, J. A., Horn, M., Kassens, H., Polyakov, I., Rabe, B., and Tippenhauer, S.: Underway CTD measurements during Akademik Tryoshnikov cruise AT2018 to the Arctic Ocean, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.902600, 2019.
Janout, M. A., Hölemann, J., Laukert, G., Smirnov, A., Krumpen, T., Bauch, D., and Timokhov, L.: On the Variability of Stratification in the Freshwater-Influenced Laptev Sea Region, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 543489, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.543489, 2020.
Johnson, M. A. and Polyakov, I. V.: The Laptev Sea as a source for recent Arctic Ocean salinity changes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2017–2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012740, 2001.
Juhls, B., Stedmon, C. A., Morgenstern, A., Meyer, H., Hölemann, J., Heim, B., Povazhnyi, V., and Overduin, P. P.: Identifying Drivers of Seasonality in Lena River Biogeochemistry and Dissolved Organic Matter Fluxes, Front. Environ. Sci., 8, 53, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00053, 2020.
Kraineva, M. V. and Golubeva, E. N.: Formation of Temperature Anomalies in the Laptev Sea (2000–2020 Years), in: Processes in GeoMedia – Volume V, edited by: Chaplina, T., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 169–178, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85851-3_ 19, 2022.
Kubryakov, A., Stanichny, S., and Zatsepin, A.: River plume dynamics in the Kara Sea from altimetry-based lagrangian model, satellite salinity and chlorophyll data, Remote Sens. Environ., 176, 177–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.01.020, 2016.
Lee, T., Gille, S., Ardhuin, F., Boland, J., Bourassa, M., Chang, P., Cravatte, S., Farrar, T., Fewings, M., Jacobs, G., Jelenak, Z., Lyard, F., May, J., Remy, E., Renault, L., Rodriguez, E., Ubelmann, C., Villas Bôas, B., and Wineteer, A.: A satellite mission concept to unravel small-scale ocean dynamics and air-sea interactions: ODYSEA (Ocean Dynamics and Surface Exchange with the Atmosphere), EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-4875, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-4875, 2023.
Lellouche, J.-M., Greiner, E., Romain, B.-B., Gilles, G., Angélique, M., Marie, D., Clément, B., Mathieu, H., Olivier, L. G., Charly, R., Tony, C., Charles-Emmanuel, T., Florent, G., Giovanni, R., Mounir, B., Yann, D., and Pierre-Yves, L. T.: The Copernicus Global
Lentz, S. J. and Helfrich, K. R.: Buoyant gravity currents along a sloping bottom in a rotating fluid, J. Fluid Mech., 464, 251–278, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112002008868, 2002.
Liu, Y., Wang, J., Han, G., Lin, X., Yang, G., and Ji, Q.: Spatio-temporal analysis of east greenland polar front, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 943457, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.943457, 2022.
Martínez, J., Gabarró, C., and Turiel, A.: Arctic Sea Surface Salinity L2 orbits and L3 maps (V.3.1), DIGITAL.CSIC [data set], https://doi.org/10.20350/DIGITALCSIC/12620, 2019.
Martínez, J., Gabarró, C., Turiel, A., González-Gambau, V., Umbert, M., Hoareau, N., González-Haro, C., Olmedo, E., Arias, M., Catany, R., Bertino, L., Raj, R. P., Xie, J., Sabia, R., and Fernández, D.: Improved BEC SMOS Arctic Sea Surface Salinity product v3.1, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 307–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-307-2022, 2022.
Masina, S., Storto, A., Ferry, N., Valdivieso, M., Haines, K., Balmaseda, M., Zuo, H., Drevillon, M., and Parent, L.: An ensemble of eddy-permitting global ocean reanalyses from the MyOcean project, Clim. Dynam., 49, 813–841, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2728-5, 2017.
Melnikov, V. P., Pikinerov, P. V., Gennadinik, V. B., Babushkin, A. G., and Moskovchenko, D. V.: Change in the Hydrological Regime of Siberian Rivers as an Indicator of Changes in Cryological Conditions, Dokl. Earth Sci., 487, 990–994, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X19080270, 2019.
Merchant, C. J., Embury, O., Bulgin, C. E., Block, T., Corlett, G. K., Fiedler, E., Good, S. A., Mittaz, J., Rayner, N. A., Berry, D., Eastwood, S., Taylor, M., Tsushima, Y., Waterfall, A., Wilson, R., and Donlon, C.: Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications, Sci. Data, 6, 223, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0236-x, 2019.
Morison, J., Kwok, R., Peralta-Ferriz, C., Alkire, M., Rigor, I., Andersen, R., and Steele, M.: Changing Arctic Ocean freshwater pathways, Nature, 481, 66–70, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10705, 2012.
Morison, J., Kwok, R., Dickinson, S., Andersen, R., Peralta Ferriz, C., Morison, D., Rigor, I., Dewey, S., and Guthrie, J.: The Cyclonic Mode of Arctic Ocean Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0190.1, 2021.
Morrow, R., Fu, L.-L., Ardhuin, F., Benkiran, M., Chapron, B., Cosme, E., d'Ovidio, F., Farrar, J. T., Gille, S. T., Lapeyre, G., Le Traon, P.-Y., Pascual, A., Ponte, A., Qiu, B., Rascle, N., Ubelmann, C., Wang, J., and Zaron, E. D.: Global Observations of Fine-Scale Ocean Surface Topography With the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 232, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00232, 2019.
NASA/JPL: JPL SMAP Level 3 CAP Sea Surface Salinity Standard Mapped Image Monthly V5.0 Validated Dataset, PO.DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/SMP50-3TMCS, 2020.
Nicolì, D., Bellucci, A., Iovino, D., Ruggieri, P., and Gualdi, S.: The impact of the AMV on Eurasian summer hydrological cycle, Sci. Rep., 10, 14444, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71464-2, 2020.
Nielsen, D. M., Dobrynin, M., Baehr, J., Razumov, S., and Grigoriev, M.: Coastal Erosion Variability at the Southern Laptev Sea Linked to Winter Sea Ice and the Arctic Oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086876, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086876, 2020.
Nummelin, A., Ilicak, M., Li, C., and Smedsrud, L. H.: Consequences of future increased Arctic runoff on Arctic Ocean stratification, circulation, and sea ice cover, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 617–637, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011156, 2016.
Ogi, M., Rysgaard, S., and Barber, D. G.: Importance of combined winter and summer Arctic Oscillation (AO) on September sea ice extent, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 034019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034019, 2016.
Olmedo, E., Gabarró, C., González-Gambau, V., Martínez, J., Ballabrera-Poy, J., Turiel, A., Portabella, M., Fournier, S., and Lee, T.: Seven Years of SMOS Sea Surface Salinity at High Latitudes: Variability in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions, Remote Sens., 10, 1772, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111772, 2018.
Osadchiev, A., Frey, D., Spivak, E., Shchuka, S., Tilinina, N., and Semiletov, I.: Structure and Inter-Annual Variability of the Freshened Surface Layer in the Laptev and East-Siberian Seas During Ice-Free Periods, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 1871, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.735011, 2021.
Osadchiev, A., Sedakov, R., Frey, D., Gordey, A., Rogozhin, V., Zabudkina, Z., Spivak, E., Kuskova, E., Sazhin, A., and Semiletov, I.: Intense zonal freshwater transport in the Eurasian Arctic during ice-covered season revealed by in situ measurements, Sci. Rep., 13, 16508, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43524-w, 2023.
Overland, J. E. and Wang, M.: Large-scale atmospheric circulation changes are associated with the recent loss of Arctic sea ice, Tellus A, 62, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2009.00421.x, 2010.
Paffrath, R., Laukert, G., Bauch, D., Rutgers van der Loeff, M., and Pahnke, K.: Separating individual contributions of major Siberian rivers in the Transpolar Drift of the Arctic Ocean, Sci. Rep., 11, 8216, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86948-y, 2021.
Park, H., Watanabe, E., Kim, Y., Polyakov, I., Oshima, K., Zhang, X., Kimball, J. S., and Yang, D.: Increasing riverine heat influx triggers Arctic sea ice decline and oceanic and atmospheric warming, Sci. Adv., 6, eabc4699, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc4699, 2020.
Pasternak, A., Drits, A., Arashkevich, E., and Flint, M.: Differential Impact of the Khatanga and Lena (Laptev Sea) Runoff on the Distribution and Grazing of Zooplankton, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 881383, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.881383, 2022.
Polyakov, I. V., Beszczynska, A., Carmack, E. C., Dmitrenko, I. A., Fahrbach, E., Frolov, I. E., Gerdes, R., Hansen, E., Holfort, J., Ivanov, V. V., Johnson, M. A., Karcher, M., Kauker, F., Morison, J., Orvik, K. A., Schauer, U., Simmons, H. L., Skagseth, Ø., Sokolov, V. T., Steele, M., Timokhov, L. A., Walsh, D., and Walsh, J. E.: One more step toward a warmer Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023740, 2005.
Polyakova, Y., Kryukova, I., Martynov, F., Novikhin, A., Abramova, E., Kassens, H., and Hoelemann, J.: Community structure and spatial distribution of phytoplankton in relation to hydrography in the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea (autumn 2008), Polar Biol., 44, 1229–1250, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02873-w, 2021.
Preußer, A., Ohshima, K. I., Iwamoto, K., Willmes, S., and Heinemann, G.: Retrieval of Wintertime Sea Ice Production in Arctic Polynyas Using Thermal Infrared and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 5503–5528, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC014976, 2019.
Prowse, T., Bring, A., Mård, J., and Carmack, E.: Arctic freshwater synthesis: Introduction, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 2121–2131, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003127, 2015.
Rabe, B., Karcher, M., Kauker, F., Schauer, U., Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Pisarev, S., Kikuchi, T., and Su, J.: Arctic Ocean basin liquid freshwater storage trend 1992–2012, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 961–968, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058121, 2014.
Reimnitz, E., Dethleff, D., and Nürnberg, D.: Contrasts in Arctic shelf sea-ice regimes and some implications: Beaufort Sea versus Laptev Sea, Mar. Geol., 119, 215–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90182-1, 1994.
Remote Sensing Systems: RSS SMAP Level 3 Sea Surface Salinity Standard Mapped Image 8-Day Running Mean V4.0 Validated Dataset, PO.DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/SMP40-3SPCS, 2019.
Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Leifer, I., Sergienko, V., Salyuk, A., Kosmach, D., Chernykh, D., Stubbs, C., Nicolsky, D., Tumskoy, V., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, Nat. Geosci., 7, 64–70, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2007, 2014.
Shiklomanov, A., Déry, S., Tretiakov, M., Yang, D., Magritsky, D., Georgiadi, A., and Tang, W.: River Freshwater Flux to the Arctic Ocean, in: Arctic Hydrology, Permafrost and Ecosystems, edited by: Yang, D. and Kane, D. L., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 703–738, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50930-9_ 24, 2021.
Stadnyk, T. A., Tefs, A., Broesky, M., Déry, S. J., Myers, P. G., Ridenour, N. A., Koenig, K., Vonderbank, L., and Gustafsson, D.: Changing freshwater contributions to the Arctic: A 90-year trend analysis (1981–2070), Elem. Sci. Anthr., 9, 98, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00098, 2021.
Steele, M. and Ermold, W.: Salinity trends on the Siberian shelves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021302, 2004.
Suess, M., De Witte, E., and Rommen, B.: Earth Explorer 10 Candidate Mission Harmony, in: EUSAR 2022; 14th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, EUSAR 2022; 14th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, 1–4, 2022.
Supply, A., Boutin, J., Vergely, J.-L., Kolodziejczyk, N., Reverdin, G., Reul, N., and Tarasenko, A.: New insights into SMOS sea surface salinity retrievals in the Arctic Ocean, Remote Sens. Environ., 249, 112027, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112027, 2020a.
Supply, A., Boutin, J., Vergely, J.-L., Kolodziejczyk, N., Reverdin, G., Reul, N., and Tarasenko, A.: SMOS ARCTIC SSS L3 maps produced by CATDS CEC LOCEAN, SEANOE [data set], https://doi.org/10.17882/71909, 2020b.
Tang, W., Yueh, S., Yang, D., Fore, A., Hayashi, A., Lee, T., Fournier, S., and Holt, B.: The Potential and Challenges of Using Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Sea Surface Salinity to Monitor Arctic Ocean Freshwater Changes, Remote Sens., 10, 869, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060869, 2018.
Tarasenko, A., Supply, A., Kusse-Tiuz, N., Ivanov, V., Makhotin, M., Tournadre, J., Chapron, B., Boutin, J., Kolodziejczyk, N., and Reverdin, G.: Properties of surface water masses in the Laptev and the East Siberian seas in summer 2018 from in situ and satellite data, Ocean Sci., 17, 221–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-221-2021, 2021.
Thibodeau, B., Bauch, D., Kassens, H., and Timokhov, L. A.: Interannual variations in river water content and distribution over the Laptev Sea between 2007 and 2011: The Arctic Dipole connection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7237–7244, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061814, 2014.
Timokhov, L. A.: Regional characteristics of the Laptev and the East Siberian seas: climate, topography, ice phases, thermohaline regime, circulation, Berichte Zur Polarforsch., 144, 15–31, 1994.
Umbert, M., Gabarro, C., Olmedo, E., Gonçalves-Araujo, R., Guimbard, S., and Martinez, J.: Using Remotely Sensed Sea Surface Salinity and Colored Detrital Matter to Characterize Freshened Surface Layers in the Kara and Laptev Seas during the Ice-Free Season, Remote Sens., 13, 3828, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193828, 2021.
Wang, P., Huang, Q., Pozdnyakov, S., Liu, S., Ma, N., Wang, T., Zhang, Y., Yu, J., Xie, J., Fu, G., Frolova, N., and Liu, C.: Potential role of permafrost thaw on increasing Siberian river discharge, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 034046, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abe326, 2021.
Wise, A., Harle, J., Bruciaferri, D., O'Dea, E., and Polton, J.: The effect of vertical coordinates on the accuracy of a shelf sea model, Ocean Model., 170, 101935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101935, 2022.
Yang, D., Kane, D. L., Hinzman, L. D., Zhang, X., Zhang, T., and Ye, H.: Siberian Lena River hydrologic regime and recent change, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACL 14-1-ACL 14-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002542, 2002.
Zatsepin, A. G., Kremenetskiy, V. V., Kubryakov, A. A., Stanichny, S. V., and Soloviev, D. M.: Propagation and transformation of waters of the surface desalinated layer in the Kara Sea, Oceanology, 55, 450–460, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437015040153, 2015.
Zhuk, V. R. and Kubryakov, A. A.: Interannual Variability of the Lena River Plume Propagation in 1993–2020 during the Ice-Free Period on the Base of Satellite Salinity, Temperature, and Altimetry Measurements, Remote Sens., 13, 4252, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214252, 2021.
Short summary
Satellite salinity data are used for the first time to study variability in Arctic freshwater transport from the Lena River and are shown to be a valuable tool for studying this region. These data confirm east/westerly wind is the main control on fresh water and sea ice transport rather than the volume of river runoff. The strong role of the wind suggests understanding how wind patterns will change is key to predicting future Arctic circulation and sea ice concentration.
Satellite salinity data are used for the first time to study variability in Arctic freshwater...
