Articles | Volume 19, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1009-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1009-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Jul 2023
Research article |
| 06 Jul 2023
| 06 Jul 2023
Consistent picture of the horizontal circulation of the Atlantic Ocean over 3 decades
Verónica Caínzos
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Unidad Océano y Clima, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio
Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Unidad
Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Canary Islands, Spain
M. Dolores Pérez-Hernández
Unidad Océano y Clima, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio
Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Unidad
Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Canary Islands, Spain
Daniel Santana-Toscano
Unidad Océano y Clima, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio
Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Unidad
Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Canary Islands, Spain
Cristina Arumí-Planas
Unidad Océano y Clima, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio
Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Unidad
Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Canary Islands, Spain
Alonso Hernández-Guerra
Unidad Océano y Clima, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio
Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Unidad
Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Canary Islands, Spain
Related authors
No articles found.
Miguel Ángel Gutiérrez-Guerra, María Dolores Pérez-Hernández, and Pedro Vélez-Belchí
Ocean Sci., 20, 1291–1308, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1291-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1291-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) are crucial for resources, but climate change poses uncertainties for their future. To assess global warming's impact, we examine Andrew Bakun's 1990 hypothesis of intensified upwelling using deseasonalized sea surface temperature data. A new index, αUI, normalizes upwelling trends against non-upwelling processes, confirming intensification in all EBUSs and supporting Bakun's hypothesis.
M. Dolores Pérez-Hernández, Alonso Hernández-Guerra, Isis Comas-Rodríguez, Verónica M. Benítez-Barrios, Eugenio Fraile-Nuez, Josep L. Pelegrí, and Alberto C. Naveira Garabato
Ocean Sci., 13, 577–587, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-577-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-577-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The decadal differences between the ALBATROSS (April 1999) and MOC2-Austral (February 2010) hydrographic cruises are analyzed. Changes in the intermediate water masses beneath seem to be very sensitive to the wind conditions existing in their formation area. The Subantarctic Front is wider and weaker in 2010 than in 1999, while the Polar Front remains in the same position and strengthens.
Cited articles
Álvarez, M., Bryden, H. L., Pérez, F. F., Ríos, A. F., and
Rosón, G.: Physical and biogeochemical fluxes and net budgets in the
subpolar and temperate North Atlantic, J. Mar. Res., 60, 191–226, 2002.
Arhan, M., Mercier, H., and Park, Y. H.: On the deep water circulation of
the eastern South Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 50,
889–916, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00072-4, 2003.
Artana, C., Ferrari, R., Koenig, Z., Sennéchael, N., Saraceno, M.,
Piola, A. R., and Provost, C.: Malvinas current volume transport at
41∘ S: A 24 yearlong time series consistent with mooring data from
3 decades and satellite altimetry, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 123, 378–398,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013600, 2018.
Arumí-Planas, C., Pérez-Hernández, M. D., Pelegrí, J. L.,
Vélez-Belchí, P., Emelianov, M., Caínzos, V., Cana, L.,
Firing, Y. L., García-Weil, L., Santana-Toscano, D., and
Hernández-Guerra, A.: The South Atlantic Circulation Between
34.5∘ S, 24∘ S and Above the Mid-Atlantic Ridge From an
Inverse Box Model, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 128, 1–21,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019614, 2023.
Atkinson, C. P., Bryden, H. L., Hirschi, J. J.-M., and Kanzow, T.: On the seasonal cycles and variability of Florida Straits, Ekman and Sverdrup transports at 26∘ N in the Atlantic Ocean, Ocean Sci., 6, 837–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-6-837-2010, 2010.
Bacon, S.: Circulation and fluxes in the North Atlantic between Greenland
and Ireland, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1420–1435,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1420:cafitn>2.0.co;2, 1997.
Baringer, M. O. N. and Larsen, J. C.: Sixteen years of Florida Current
Transport at 27∘ N, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3179–3182,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013246, 2001.
Bersch, M., Yashayaev, I., and Koltermann, K. P.: Recent changes of the
thermohaline circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic, Ocean Dynam., 57,
223–235, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-007-0104-7, 2007.
Biló, T. C. and Johns, W. E.: The Deep Western Boundary Current and
Adjacent Interior Circulation at 24∘–30∘ N: Mean
Structure and Mesoscale Variability, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50, 2735–2758,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0094.1, 2020.
Boebel, O., Davis, R. E., Ollitrault, M., Peterson, R. G., Richardson, P.
L., Schmid, C., and Zenk, W.: The intermediate depth circulation of the
western South Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3329–3332,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL002355, 1999.
Bower, A., Lozier, S., Biastoch, A., Drouin, K., Foukal, N., Furey, H.,
Lankhorst, M., Rühs, S., and Zou, S.: Lagrangian Views of the Pathways
of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean.,
124, 5313–5335, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015014, 2019.
Brearley, J. A., Pickart, R. S., Valdimarsson, H., Jonsson, S., Schmitt, R.
W., and Haine, T. W. N.: The East Greenland boundary current system south of
Denmark Strait, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 63,
1–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.01.001, 2012.
Bryden, H. L., Johns, W. E., and Saunders, P. M.: Deep western boundary
current east of Abaco: Mean structure and transport, J. Mar. Res., 63, 35–57,
https://doi.org/10.1357/0022240053693806, 2005a.
Bryden, H. L., Longworth, H. R., and Cunningham, S. A.: Slowing of the
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25∘ N, Nature, 438,
655–657, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04385, 2005b.
Bryden, H. L., King, B. A., and McCarthy, G. D.: South Atlantic overturning
circulation at 24∘ S, J. Mar. Res., 69, 39–56,
https://doi.org/10.1357/002224011798147633, 2011.
Caínzos, V., Hernández-Guerra, A., McCarthy, G. D., McDonagh, E.
L., Cubas Armas, M., and Pérez-Hernández, M. D.: Thirty Years of
GOSHIP and WOCE Data: Atlantic Overturning of Mass, Heat, and Freshwater
Transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL096527, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096527, 2022.
Campos, E. J. D., van Caspel, M. C., Zenk, W., Morozov, E. G., Frey, D. I.,
Piola, A. R., Meinen, C. S., Sato, O. T., Perez, R. C., and Dong, S.:
Warming Trend in Antarctic Bottom Water in the Vema Channel in the South
Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094709,
2021.
Casanova-Masjoan, M., Joyce, T. M., Pérez-Hernández, M. D.,
Vélez-Belchí, P., and Hernández-Guerra, A.: Changes across
66∘ W, the Caribbean Sea and the Western boundaries of the North
Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, Prog. Oceanogr., 168, 296–309,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.09.013, 2018.
Casanova-Masjoan, M., Pérez-Hernández, M. D., Pickart, R. S.,
Valdimarsson, H., Ólafsdóttir, S. R., Macrander, A.,
Grisolía-Santos, D., Torres, D. J., Jónsson, S., Våge, K., Lin,
P., and Hernández-Guerra, A.: Along-Stream, Seasonal, and Interannual
Variability of the North Icelandic Irminger Current and East Icelandic
Current Around Iceland, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 125, 1–24,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016283, 2020a.
Casanova-Masjoan, M., Pérez-Hernández, M. D., Vélez-Belchí,
P., Cana, L., and Hernández-Guerra, A.: Variability of the Canary
Current diagnosed by inverse box models, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 125,
e2020JC016199, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016199, 2020b.
Chidichimo, M. P., Perez, R. C., Speich, S., Kersalé, M., Sprintall, J.,
Dong, S., Lamont, T., Sato, O. T., Chereskin, T. K., Hummels, R., and
Schmid, C.: Energetic overturning flows, dynamic interocean exchanges, and
ocean warming observed in the South Atlantic, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 10,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00644-x, 2023.
Comas-Rodríguez, I., Hernández-Guerra, A., Fraile-Nuez, E.,
Martínez-Marrero, A., Benítez-Barrios, V. M.,
Pérez-Hernández, M. D., and Vélez-Belchí, P.: The Azores
Current System from a meridional section at 24.5∘ W, J. Geophys.
Res., 116, C09021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007129, 2011.
Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T., Rayner, D., Baringer, M. O., Johns, W. E.,
Marotzke, J., Longworth, H. R., Grant, E. M., Hirschi, J. J. M., Beal, L.
M., Meinen, C. S., and Bryden, H. L.: Temporal variability of the Atlantic
meridional overturning circulation at 26.5∘ N, Science,
317, 935–938, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141304, 2007.
Daniault, N., Mercier, H., Lherminier, P., Sarafanov, A., Falina, A.,
Zunino, P., Pérez, F. F., Ríos, A. F., Ferron, B., Huck, T.,
Thierry, V., and Gladyshev, S.: The northern North Atlantic Ocean mean
circulation in the early 21st century, Prog. Oceanogr., 146, 142–158,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.06.007, 2016.
Davis, R. E., Regier, L. A., Dufour, J., and Webb, D. C.: The Autonomous
Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (ALACE), J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 9, 264–285,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1992)009<0264:TALCE>2.0.CO;2, 1992.
Dickson, B., Dye, S., Jónsson, S., Köhl, A., Macrander, A., Marnela,
M., Meincke, J., Olsen, S., Rudels, B., Valdimarsson, H., and Voet, G.: The
Overflow Flux West of Iceland: Variability, Origins and Forcing, in:
Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 443–474,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7_20, 2008.
Dijkstra, H. A.: Characterization of the multiple equilibria regime in a
global ocean model, Tellus A, 59, 695–705,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00267.x, 2007.
Durgadoo, J. v., Rühs, S., Biastoch, A., and Böning, C. W. B.:
Indian Ocean sources of Agulhas leakage, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 122,
3481–3499, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012676, 2017.
Evans, G. R., McDonagh, E. L., King, B. A., Bryden, H. L., Bakker, D. C. E.,
Brown, P. J., Schuster, U., Speer, K. G., and Heuven, S. M. A. C. van: South
Atlantic interbasin exchanges of mass, heat, salt and anthropogenic carbon,
Prog. Oceanogr., 151, 62–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.11.005,
2017.
Fischer, J., Schott, F. A., and Dengler, M.: Boundary Circulation at the
Exit of the Labrador Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1548–1570,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1548:BCATEO>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Fischer, J., Visbeck, M., Zantopp, R., and Nunes, N.: Interannual to decadal
variability of outflow from the Labrador Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24610,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045321, 2010.
Fischer, J., Karstensen, J., Zantopp, R., Visbeck, M., Biastoch, A.,
Behrens, E., Böning, C. W., Quadfasel, D., Jochumsen, K., Valdimarsson,
H., Jónsson, S., Bacon, S., Holliday, N. P., Dye, S., Rhein, M., and
Mertens, C.: Intra-seasonal variability of the DWBC in the western subpolar
North Atlantic, Prog. Oceanogr., 132, 233–249,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.002, 2015.
Florindo-López, C., Bacon, S., Aksenov, Y., Chafik, L., Colbourne, E.,
and Holliday, N. P.: Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay freshwater exports: new
estimates from seven decades of hydrographic surveys on the Labrador Shelf,
J. Clim., 33, 8849–8868, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0083.1, 2020.
Foppert, A., Rintoul, S. R., Purkey, S. G., Zilberman, N., Kobayashi, T.,
Sallèe, J., Wijk, E. M., and Wallace, L. O.: Deep Argo Reveals Bottom
Water Properties and Pathways in the Australian-Antarctic Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 126, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017935, 2021.
Forget, G. and Ferreira, D.: Global ocean heat transport dominated by heat
export from the tropical Pacific, Nat. Geosci., 12, 351–354,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0333-7, 2019.
Fraile-Nuez, E., Machín, F., Vélez-Belchí, P.,
López-Laatzen, F., Borges, R., Benítez-Barrios, V. M., and
Hernández-Guerra, A.: Nine years of mass transport data in the eastern
boundary of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C09009,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006161, 2010.
Frajka-Williams, E., Cunningham, S. A., Bryden, H. L., and King, B. A.:
Variability of Antarctic Bottom Water at 24.5∘ N in the Atlantic,
J. Geophys. Res., 116, C11026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007168, 2011.
Frajka-Williams, E., Ansorge, I. J., Baehr, J., Bryden, H. L., Chidichimo,
M. P., Cunningham, S. A., Danabasoglu, G., Dong, S., Donohue, K. A., Elipot,
S., Heimbach, P., Holliday, N. P., Hummels, R., Jackson, L. C., Karstensen,
J., Lankhorst, M., Le Bras, I. A., Lozier, M. S., McDonagh, E. L., Meinen,
C. S., Mercier, H., Moat, B. I., Perez, R. C., Piecuch, C. G., Rhein, M.,
Srokosz, M. A., Trenberth, K. E., Bacon, S., Forget, G., Goni, G., Kieke,
D., Koelling, J., Lamont, T., McCarthy, G. D., Mertens, C., Send, U., Smeed,
D. A., Speich, S., van den Berg, M., Volkov, D., and Wilson, C.: Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability,
Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 260, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00260, 2019.
Frankignoul, C., de Coëtlogon, G., Joyce, T. M., and Dong, S.: Gulf
Stream Variability and Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31,
3516–3529, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)031<3516:GSVAOA>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Fu, Y., Li, F., Karstensen, J., and Wang, C.: A stable Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation in a changing North Atlantic Ocean since the 1990s,
Sci. Adv., 6, eabc7836, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc7836, 2020.
Ganachaud, A. S.: Error budget of inverse box models: The North Atlantic, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 20, 1641–1655,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1641:EBOIBM>2.0.CO;2, 2003a.
Ganachaud, A. S.: Large-scale mass transports, water mass formation, and
diffusivities estimated from World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)
hydrographic data, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jc001565,
2003b.
Ganachaud, A. S. and Wunsch, C.: Improved estimates of global ocean
circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data, Nature, 408,
453–456, 2000.
Ganachaud, A. S. and Wunsch, C.: Large-scale ocean heat and freshwater
transports during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, J. Clim., 16,
696–705, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0696:LSOHAF>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
García-Ibáñez, M. I., Pardo, P. C., Carracedo, L. I., Mercier,
H., Lherminier, P., Ríos, A. F., and Pérez, F. F.: Structure,
transports and transformations of the water masses in the Atlantic Subpolar
Gyre, Prog. Oceanogr., 135, 18–36,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.03.009, 2015.
Garzoli, S. L.: Geostrophic velocity and transport variability in the
Brazil-Malvinas Confluence, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 40, 1379–1403, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90118-M, 1993.
Garzoli, S. L.: North Brazil Current retroflection and transports, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C01013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001775, 2004.
Garzoli, S. L. and Gordon, A. L.: Origins and variability of the Benguela
Current, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 101, 897–906,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03221, 1996.
Garzoli, S. L., Gordon, A. L., Kamenkovich, V., Pillsbury, D., and
Duncombe-Rae, C.: Variability and sources of the southeastern Atlantic
circulation, J. Mar. Res., 54, 1039–1071,
https://doi.org/10.1357/0022240963213763, 1996.
Garzoli, S. L., Baringer, M. O., Dong, S., Perez, R. C., and Yao, Q.: South
Atlantic meridional fluxes, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 71, 21–32,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.09.003, 2013.
Garzoli, S. L., Dong, S., Fine, R., Meinen, C. S., Perez, R. C., Schmid, C.,
van Sebille, E., and Yao, Q.: The fate of the Deep Western Boundary Current
in the South Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 103, 125–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.05.008, 2015.
Goni, G., Kamholz, S., Garzoli, S., and Olson, D.: Dynamics of the
Brazil-Malvinas Confluence based on inverted echo sounders and altimetry, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 101, 16273–16289, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC01146,
1996.
Gou, R., Pennelly, C., and Myers, P. G.: The Changing Behavior of the West
Greenland Current System in a Very High-Resolution Model, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 127, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018404, 2022.
Harden, B. E., Pickart, R. S., Valdimarsson, H., Våge, K., de Steur, L.,
Richards, C., Bahr, F., Torres, D., Børve, E., Jónsson, S.,
Macrander, A., Østerhus, S., Håvik, L., and Hattermann, T.: Upstream
sources of the Denmark Strait Overflow: Observations from a high-resolution
mooring array, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 112,
94–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.02.007, 2016.
Hernández-Guerra, A. and Talley, L. D.: Meridional overturning
transports at 30∘ S in the Indian and Pacific Oceans in 2002–2003
and 2009, Prog. Oceanogr., 146, 89–120,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.06.005, 2016.
Hernández-Guerra, A., Pelegrí, J. L., Fraile-Nuez, E.,
Benítez-Barrios, V. M., Emelianov, M., Pérez-Hernández, M. D.,
and Vélez-Belchí, P.: Meridional overturning transports at 7.5N and
24.5N in the Atlantic Ocean during 1992–93 and 2010–11, Prog. Oceanogr.,
128, 98–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.08.016, 2014.
Hernández-Guerra, A., Espino-Falcón, E., Vélez-Belchí, P.,
Dolores Pérez-Hernández, M., Martínez-Marrero, A., and Cana,
L.: Recirculation of the Canary Current in fall 2014, J. Mar.
Syst., 174, 25–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.04.002, 2017.
Hernández-Guerra, A., Talley, L. D., Pelegrí, J. L.,
Vélez-Belchí, P., Baringer, M. O., Macdonald, A. M., and McDonagh,
E. L.: The upper, deep, abyssal and overturning circulation in the Atlantic
Ocean at 30∘ S in 2003 and 2011, Prog. Oceanogr., 176, 102136,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102136, 2019.
Herrford, J., Brandt, P., and Zenk, W.: Property changes of deep and bottom
waters in the Western Tropical Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 124, 103–125,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.04.007, 2017.
Hogg, N. G. and Johns, W. E.: Western boundary currents, Rev.
Geophys., 33, 1311–1334, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00491, 1995.
Holliday, N. P., Bacon, S., Cunningham, S. A., Gary, S. F., Karstensen, J.,
King, B. A., Li, F., and Mcdonagh, E. L.: Subpolar North Atlantic
Overturning and Gyre-Scale Circulation in the Summers of 2014 and 2016, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 123, 4538–4559, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013841,
2018.
Houpert, L., Inall, M. E., Dumont, E., Gary, S., Johnson, C., Porter, M.,
Johns, W. E., and Cunningham, S. A.: Structure and transport of the North
Atlantic Current in the Eastern Subpolar Gyre from sustained glider
observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 123, 6019–6038,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014162, 2018.
Hummels, R., Brandt, P., Dengler, M., Fischer, J., Araujo, M., Veleda, D.,
and Durgadoo, J. V.: Interannual to decadal changes in the western boundary
circulation in the Atlantic at 11∘ S, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42,
7615–7622, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065254, 2015.
Jayne, S. R. and Marotzke, J.: The dynamics of ocean heat transport
variability, Rev. Geophys., 39, 385–411,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000RG000084, 2001.
Jochumsen, K., Quadfasel, D., Valdimarsson, H., and Jónsson, S.:
Variability of the Denmark Strait overflow: Moored time series from
1996–2011, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 117, C12003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008244,
2012.
Johns, W. E., Shay, T. J., Bane, J. M., and Watts, D. R.: Gulf Stream
structure, transport, and recirculation near 68∘ W, J. Geophys. Res.,
100, 817–838, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC02497, 1995.
Johns, W. E., Beal, L. M., Baringer, M. O., Molina, J. R., Cunningham, S.
A., Kanzow, T., and Rayner, D.: Variability of Shallow and Deep Western
Boundary Currents off the Bahamas during 2004–05: Results from the
26∘ N RAPID–MOC Array, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 605–623,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3791.1, 2008.
Johns, W. E., Baringer, M. O., Beal, L. M., Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T.,
Bryden, H. L., Hirschi, J. J. M., Marotzke, J., Meinen, C. S., Shaw, B., and
Curry, R.: Continuous, array-based estimates of Atlantic Ocean heat
transport at 26.5∘ N, J. Clim., 24, 2429–2449,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3997.1, 2011.
Johns, W. E., Devana, M., Houk, A., and Zou, S.: Moored Observations of the
Iceland-Scotland Overflow Plume Along the Eastern Flank of the Reykjanes
Ridge, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 126, 1–26,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017524, 2021.
Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., and Purkey, S. G.: Informing Deep Argo Array
Design Using Argo and Full-Depth Hydrographic Section Data, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Technol., 32, 2187–2198, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0139.1, 2015.
Johnson, G. C., Purkey, S. G., Zilberman, N. V., and Roemmich, D.: Deep Argo
Quantifies Bottom Water Warming Rates in the Southwest Pacific Basin,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2662–2669, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081685,
2019.
Johnson, G. C., Cadot, C., Lyman, J. M., McTaggart, K. E., and Steffen, E.
L.: Antarctic Bottom Water Warming in the Brazil Basin: 1990s Through 2020,
From WOCE to Deep Argo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL089191,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089191, 2020.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year Reanalysis Project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Kanzow, T., Send, U., Zenk, W., Chave, A. D., and Rhein, M.: Monitoring the
integrated deep meridional flow in the tropical North Atlantic: Long-term
performance of a geostrophic array, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53,
528–546, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.12.007, 2006.
Katsumata, K. and Fukasawa, M.: Changes in meridional fluxes and water
properties in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical oceans between 1992/1995
and 2003/2004, Prog. Oceanogr., 89, 61–91,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.12.008, 2011.
Kersalé, M., Perez, R. C., Speich, S., Meinen, C. S., Lamont, T., le
Hénaff, M., van den Berg, M. A., Majumder, S., Ansorge, I. J., Dong, S.,
Schmid, C., Terre, T., and Garzoli, S. L.: Shallow and Deep Eastern Boundary
Currents in the South Atlantic at 34.5∘ S: Mean Structure and
Variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 124, 1634–1659,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014554, 2019.
Kersalé, M., Meinen, C. S., Perez, R. C., le Hénaff, M., Valla, D.,
Lamont, T., Sato, O. T., Dong, S., Terre, T., van Caspel, M., Chidichimo, M.
P., van den Berg, M., Speich, S., Piola, A. R., Campos, E. J. D., Ansorge,
I., Volkov, D. L., Lumpkin, R., and Garzoli, S. L.: Highly variable upper
and abyssal overturning cells in the South Atlantic, Sci. Adv., 6, eaba7573,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba7573, 2020.
King, B. A., Sanchez-Franks, A., and Firing, Y. L.: RRS James Cook Cruise
JC159 28 February–11 April 2018. Hydrographic sections from the Brazil to
the Benguela Current across 24S in the Atlantic, National Oceanography
Centre Cruise Report, Southampton, UK, 193 pp., https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/525098 (last access: 4 July 2023), 2019.
Koltermann, K. P., Sokov, A. v., Tereschenkov, V. P., Dobroliubov, S. A.,
Lorbacher, K., and Sy, A.: Decadal changes in the thermohaline circulation
of the North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 46, 109–138,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00115-5, 1999.
Koszalka, I. M., Haine, T. W. N., and Magaldi, M. G.: Fates and Travel Times
of Denmark Strait Overflow Water in the Irminger Basin, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
43, 2611–2628, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-023.1, 2013.
Lazier, J., Hendry, R., Clarke, A., Yashayaev, I., and Rhines, P.:
Convection and restratification in the Labrador Sea, 1990–2000, Deep-Sea
Res. Pt. I, 49, 1819–1835,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00064-X, 2002.
le Bras, I. A., Straneo, F., Holte, J., and Holliday, N. P.: Seasonality of
Freshwater in the East Greenland Current System From 2014 to 2016, J. Geophys.
Res.-Ocean., 123, 8828–8848, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014511, 2018.
Lee, T. N., Johns, W. E., Zantopp, R. J., and Fillenbaum, E. R.: Moored
Observations of Western Boundary Current Variability and Thermohaline
Circulation at 26.5∘ in the Subtropical North Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 962–983, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<0962:MOOWBC>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Legeais, J.-F., Ollitrault, M., and Arhan, M.: Lagrangian observations in
the Intermediate Western Boundary Current of the South Atlantic, Deep-Sea
Res. Pt. II, 85, 109–126,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.07.028, 2013.
Legeckis, R. and Gordon, A. L.: Satellite observations of the Brazil and
Falkland currents – 1975, 1976 and 1978, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 29, 375–401,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(82)90101-7, 1982.
Lherminier, P., Mercier, H., Gourcuff, C., Alvarez, M., Bacon, S., and
Kermabon, C.: Transports across the 2002 Greenland-Portugal Ovide section
and comparison with 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C07003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003716, 2007.
Lherminier, P., Mercier, H., Huck, T., Gourcuff, C., Pérez, F. F.,
Morin, P., Sarafanov, A., and Falina, A.: The Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation and the subpolar gyre observed at the A25-OVIDE
section in June 2002 and 2004, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 1374–1391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.07.009,
2010.
Li, F. and Lozier, M. S.: On the linkage between Labrador Sea Water volume
and overturning circulation in the Labrador Sea: A case study on proxies, J. Clim., 31, 5225–5241, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0692.1, 2018.
Lozier, M. S., Bacon, S., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A., de Jong, M. F.,
Steur, L. de, DeYoung, B., Fischer, J., Gary, S. F., Greenan, B. J. W.,
Heimbach, P., Holliday, N. P., Houpert, L., Inall, M. E., Johns, W. E.,
Johnson, H. L., Karstensen, J., Li, F., Lin, X., Mackay, N., and Zika, J.
D.: Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program: A New International
Ocean Observing System, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 737–752,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0057.1, 2017.
Lozier, M. S., Li, F., Bacon, S., Bahr, F., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A.,
d Jong, M. F., de Steur, L., DeYoung, B., Fischer, J., Gary, S. F., Greenan,
B. J. W., Holliday, N. P., Houk, A., Houpert, L., Inall, M. E., Johns, W.
E., Johnson, H. L., Johnson, C., Karstensen, J., Koman, G., le Bras, I. A.,
Lin, X., Mackay, N., Marshall, D. P., Mercier, H., Oltmanns, M., Pickart, R.
S., Ramsey, A. L., Rayner, D., Straneo, F., Thierry, V., Torres, D. J.,
Williams, R. G., Wilson, C., Yang, J., Yashayaev, I., and Zhao, J.: A sea
change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic, Science, 363, 516–521, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6592, 2019.
Lumpkin, R. and Speer, K. G.: Global Ocean Meridional Overturning, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2550–2562, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo3130.1, 2007.
Maamaatuaiahutapu, K., Garçon, V., Provost, C., and Mercier, H.:
Transports of the Brazil and Malvinas Currents at their confluence, J. Mar. Res., 56, 417–438, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224098321822366, 1998.
Macdonald, A. M. and Wunsch, C.: An estimate of global ocean circulation and
heat fluxes, Nature, 382, 436–439, 1996.
Machín, F., Hernández-Guerra, A., and Pelegrí, J. L.: Mass
fluxes in the Canary Basin, Prog. Oceanogr., 70, 416–447,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.019, 2006.
Maul, G. A. and Vukovich, F. M.: The Relationship between Variations in the
Gulf of Mexico Loop Current and Straits of Florida Volume Transport, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 785–796, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<0785:TRBVIT>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
McCarthy, G. D., Smeed, D. A., Johns, W. E., Frajka-Williams, E., Moat, B.
I., Rayner, D., Baringer, M. O., Meinen, C. S., Collins, J., and Bryden, H.
L.: Measuring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at
26∘ N, Prog. Oceanogr., 130, 91–111,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.10.006, 2015.
McCarthy, G. D., Brown, P. J., Flagg, C. N., Goni, G., Houpert, L., Hughes,
C. W., Hummels, R., Inall, M., Jochumsen, K., Larsen, K. M. H., Lherminier,
P., Meinen, C. S., Moat, B. I., Rayner, D., Rhein, M., Roessler, A., Schmid,
C., and Smeed, D. A.: Sustainable Observations of the AMOC: Methodology and
Technology, Rev. Geophys., 58, 1–34,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000654, 2020.
McDonagh, E. L. and King, B. A.: Oceanic fluxes in the South Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 109–122, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-2666.1, 2005.
McDonagh, E. L., McLeod, P., King, B. A., Bryden, H. L., and Valdés, S.
T.: Circulation, Heat, and Freshwater Transport at 36∘ N in the
Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 2661–2678,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4176.1, 2010.
McDonagh, E. L., King, B. A., Bryden, H. L., Courtois, P., Szuts, Z.,
Baringer, M. O., Cunningham, S. A., Atkinson, C., and McCarthy, G.:
Continuous estimate of Atlantic oceanic freshwater flux at 26.5∘ N, J. Clim., 28, 8888–8906, 2015.
Meinen, C. S. and Watts, D. R.: Vertical structure and transport on a
transect across the North Atlantic Current near 42∘ N: Time series
and mean, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 105, 21869–21891,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900097, 2000.
Meinen, C. S., Garzoli, S. L., Johns, W. E., and Baringer, M. O.: Transport
variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current and the Antilles Current
off Abaco Island, Bahamas, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 51, 1397–1415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.007, 2004.
Meinen, C. S., Speich, S., Perez, R. C., Dong, S., Piola, A. R., Garzoli, S.
L., Baringer, M. O., Gladyshev, S., and Campos, E. J. D.: Temporal
variability of the meridional overturning circulation at 34.5∘ S:
Results from two pilot boundary arrays in the South Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 118, 6461–6478, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009228, 2013.
Meinen, C. S., Johns, W. E., Moat, B. I., Smith, R. H., Johns, E. M.,
Rayner, D., Frajka-Williams, E., Garcia, R. F., and Garzoli, S. L.:
Structure and Variability of the Antilles Current at 26.5∘ N, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 124, 3700–3723, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014836,
2019.
Meinen, C. S., Perez, R. C., Dong, S., Piola, A. R., and Campos, E.:
Observed Ocean Bottom Temperature Variability at Four Sites in the
Northwestern Argentine Basin: Evidence of Decadal Deep/Abyssal Warming
Amidst Hourly to Interannual Variability During 2009–2019, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 47, e2020GL089093, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089093, 2020.
Myers, P. G., Kulan, N., and Ribergaard, M. H.: Irminger Water variability
in the West Greenland Current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17601,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030419, 2007.
Myers, P. G., Donnelly, C., and Ribergaard, M. H.: Structure and variability
of the West Greenland Current in Summer derived from 6 repeat standard
sections, Prog. Oceanogr., 80, 93–112,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.12.003, 2009.
Naveira Garabato, A. C., Williams, A. P., and Bacon, S.: The
three-dimensional overturning circulation of the Southern Ocean during the
WOCE era, Prog. Oceanogr., 120, 41–78,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.018, 2014.
Olson, D. B., Schott, F. A., Zantopp, R. J., and Leaman, K. D.: The Mean
Circulation East of the Bahamas as Determined from a Recent Measurement
Program and Historical XBT Data, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1470–1487,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1984)014<1470:TMCEOT>2.0.CO;2, 1984.
Orsi, A. H., Whitworth, T., and Nowlin, W. D.: On the meridional extent and
fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 42, 641–673,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00021-W, 1995.
Pacini, A., Pickart, R. S., Bahr, F., Torres, D. J., Ramsey, A. L., Holte,
J., Karstensen, J., Oltmanns, M., Straneo, F., le Bras, I. A., Moore, G. W.
K., and Femke de Jong, M.: Mean Conditions and Seasonality of the West
Greenland Boundary Current System near Cape Farewell, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50,
2849–2871, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0086.1, 2020.
Parrilla, G., Lavín, A., Bryden, H. L., García, M., and Millard,
R.: Rising temperatures in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean over the
past 35 years, Nature, 369, 48–51, https://doi.org/10.1038/369048a0, 1994.
Pérez-Hernández, M. D., Hernández-Guerra, A., Fraile-Nuez, E.,
Comas-Rodríguez, I., Benítez-Barrios, V. M., Domínguez-Yanes,
J. F., Vélez-Belchí, P., and De Armas, D.: The source of the Canary
current in fall 2009, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 118, 2874–2891,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20227, 2013.
Pérez-Hernández, M. D., McCarthy, G. D., Vélez-Belchí, P.,
Smeed, D. A., Fraile-Nuez, E., and Hernández-Guerra, A.: The Canary
Basin contribution to the seasonal cycle of the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation at 26∘ N, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 120,
7237–7252, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010969, 2015.
Pérez-Hernández, M. D., Hernández-Guerra, A., Comas-Rodríguez, I., Benítez-Barrios, V. M., Fraile-Nuez, E., Pelegrí, J. L., and Naveira Garabato, A. C.: Differences between 1999 and 2010 across the Falkland Plateau: fronts and water masses, Ocean Sci., 13, 577–587, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-577-2017, 2017.
Pérez-Hernández, M. D., Hernández-Guerra, A., Cana-Cascallar,
L., Arumí-Planas, C., Caínzos, V., González-Santana, A. J.,
Gutiérrez-Guerra, M. Á., Martínez-Marrero, A., Mosquera
Giménez, Á., Presas Navarro, C., Santana-Toscano, D., and
Vélez-Belchí, P.: The Seasonal Cycle of the Eastern Boundary
Currents of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 128, e2022JC019487,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019487, 2023.
Peterson, R. G. and Stramma, L.: Upper-level circulation in the South
Atlantic Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 26, 1–73,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(91)90006-8, 1991.
Petit, T., Mercier, H., and Thierry, V.: New Insight Into the Formation and
Evolution of the East Reykjanes Ridge Current and Irminger Current, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 124, 9171–9189, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015546,
2019.
Piecuch, C. G.: Likely weakening of the Florida Current during the past
century revealed by sea-level observations, Nat. Commun., 11, 3973,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17761-w, 2020.
Pollard, R. T., Read, J. F., Holliday, N. P., and Leach, H.: Water masses
and circulation pathways through the Iceland Basin during Vivaldi 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C04004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002067, 2004.
Polyakov, I. v., Pnyushkov, A. v., Alkire, M. B., Ashik, I. M., Baumann, T.
M., Carmack, E. C., Goszczko, I., Guthrie, J., Ivanov, V. v., Kanzow, T.,
Krishfield, R., Kwok, R., Sundfjord, A., Morison, J., Rember, R., and Yulin,
A.: Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin
of the Arctic Ocean, Science, 356, 285–291,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai8204, 2017.
Polyakov, I. v., Rippeth, T. P., Fer, I., Alkire, M. B., Baumann, T. M.,
Carmack, E. C., Ingvaldsen, R., Ivanov, V. v., Janout, M., Lind, S., Padman,
L., Pnyushkov, A. v., and Rember, R.: Weakening of Cold Halocline Layer
Exposes Sea Ice to Oceanic Heat in the Eastern Arctic Ocean, J. Clim., 33,
8107–8123, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0976.1, 2020.
Rahmstorf, S.: On the freshwater forcing and transport of the Atlantic
thermohaline circulation, Clim. Dynam., 12, 799–811,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050144, 1996.
Rhein, M., Mertens, C., and Roessler, A.: Observed Transport Decline at
47∘ N, Western Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 124, 4875–4890,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc014993, 2019.
Rossby, T., Flagg, C. N., Donohue, K., Sanchez-Franks, A., and Lillibridge,
J.: On the long-term stability of Gulf Stream transport based on 20 years of
direct measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 114–120,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058636, 2014.
Sarafanov, A., Falina, A., Mercier, H., Sokov, A., Lherminier, P., Gourcuff,
C., Gladyshev, S., Gaillard, F., and Daniault, N.: Mean full-depth summer
circulation and transports at the northern periphery of the Atlantic Ocean
in the 2000s, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 117, C01014,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007572, 2012.
Saunders, P. M. and King, B. A.: Oceanic fluxes on the WOCE A11 section, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1942–1958, 1995.
Schmid, C. and Majumder, S.: Transport variability of the Brazil Current
from observations and a data assimilation model, Ocean Sci., 14,
417–436, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-417-2018, 2018.
Schmitz, W. J. and McCartney, M. S.: On the North Atlantic circulation,
Rev. Geophys., 31, 29–49, 1993.
Schmitz, W. J., Thompson, J. D., and Luyten, J. R.: The Sverdrup circulation
for the Atlantic along 24∘ N, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7251,
https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC00417, 1992.
Schott, F. A., Dengler, M., Zantopp, R., Stramma, L., Fischer, J., and
Brandt, P.: The Shallow and Deep Western Boundary Circulation of the South
Atlantic at 5∘–11∘ S, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2031–2053,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo2813.1, 2005.
Siedler, G., Müller, T. J., R.Onken, Arhan, M., Mercier, H., King, B.
A., and Saunders, P. M.: The Zonal WOCE Sections in the South Atlantic, in:
The South Atlantic: present and past circulation, edited by: Wefer, G.,
Berger, W. H., Siedler, G., and Webb, D. J., Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
83–104, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80353-6_5, 1996.
Smythe-Wright, D., Chapman, P., Rae, C. D., Shannon, L. V., and Boswell, S.
M.: Characteristics of the South Atlantic subtropical frontal zone between
15∘ W and 5∘ E, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 45, 167–192,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00068-X, 1998.
Sokolov, S. and Rintoul, S. R.: Circumpolar structure and distribution of
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts: 1. Mean circumpolar paths, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C11018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005108, 2009.
Spadone, A. and Provost, C.: Variations in the Malvinas Current volume
transport since October 1992, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C02002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004882, 2009.
Stendardo, I., Rhein, M., and Steinfeldt, R.: The North Atlantic Current and
its Volume and Freshwater Transports in the Subpolar North Atlantic, Time
Period 1993–2016, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 125, e2020JC016065,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016065, 2020.
Stramma, L.: The Brazil current transport south of 23∘ S, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 36, 639–646,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90012-5, 1989.
Stramma, L. and England, M.: On the water masses and mean circulation of the
South Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 104, 20863–20883,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900139, 1999.
Stramma, L., Ikeda, Y., and Peterson, R. G.: Geostrophic transport in the
Brazil current region north of 20∘ S, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 37, 1875–1886,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90083-8, 1990.
Talley, L. D.: Freshwater transport estimates and the global overturning
circulation: Shallow, deep and throughflow components, Prog. Oceanogr., 78,
257–303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.05.001, 2008.
Talley, L. D., Feely, R. A., Sloyan, B. M., Wanninkhof, R., Baringer, M. O.,
Bullister, J. L., Carlson, C. A., Doney, S. C., Fine, R. A., Firing, E.,
Gruber, N., Hansell, D. A., Ishii, M., Johnson, G. C., Katsumata, K., Key,
R. M., Kramp, M., Langdon, C., Macdonald, A. M., Mathis, J. T., McDonagh, E.
L., Mecking, S., Millero, F. J., Mordy, C. W., Nakano, T., Sabine, C. L.,
Smethie, W. M., Swift, J. H., Tanhua, T., Thurnherr, A. M., Warner, M. J.,
and Zhang, J.-Z.: Changes in ocean heat, carbon content, and ventilation: A
review of the first decade of GO-SHIP global repeat hydrography, Ann. Rev. Mar.
Sci., 8, 185–215, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-052915-100829,
2016.
Tuchen, F. P., Brandt, P., Lübbecke, J. F., and Hummels, R.: Transports
and Pathways of the Tropical AMOC Return Flow From Argo Data and Shipboard
Velocity Measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 127, e2021JC018115,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018115, 2022.
Våge, K., Pickart, R. S., Spall, M. A., Valdimarsson, H., Jónsson,
S., Torres, D. J., Østerhus, S., and Eldevik, T.: Significant role of the
North Icelandic Jet in the formation of Denmark Strait overflow water, Nat. Geosci., 4, 723–727, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1234, 2011a.
Våge, K., Pickart, R. S., Sarafanov, A., Knutsen, Ø., Mercier, H.,
Lherminier, P., van Aken, H. M., Meincke, J., Quadfasel, D., and Bacon, S.:
The Irminger Gyre: Circulation, convection, and interannual variability,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 58, 590–614,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.03.001, 2011b.
Valla, D., Piola, A. R., Meinen, C. S., and Campos, E.: Strong Mixing and
Recirculation in the Northwestern Argentine Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean.,
123, 4624–4648, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013907, 2018.
Vélez-Belchí, P., Pérez-Hernández, M. D., Casanova-Masjoan,
M., Cana, L., and Hernández-Guerra, A.: On the seasonal variability of
the Canary Current and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 122, 4518–4538, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012774,
2017.
Vivier, F. and Provost, C.: Direct velocity measurements in the Malvinas
Current, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 104, 21083–21103,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900163, 1999a.
Vivier, F. and Provost, C.: Volume transport of the Malvinas Current: Can
the flow be monitored by TOPEX/POSEIDON?, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 104,
21105–21122, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900056, 1999b.
Wedepohl, P. M., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., and Meeuwis, M.: Surface drift in the
South-East Atlantic Ocean, South Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 22,
71–79, https://doi.org/10.2989/025776100784125672, 2000.
Weijer, W., Cheng, W., Drijfhout, S. S., Fedorov, A. V., Hu, A., Jackson, L.
C., Liu, W., McDonagh, E. L., Mecking, J. V., and Zhang, J.: Stability of
the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A Review and Synthesis, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 124, 5336–5375, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015083,
2019.
Wunsch, C.: The North Atlantic General Circulation West of 50∘ W Determined
by Inverse Methods, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 16, 583–620,
1978.
Wunsch, C.: The Ocean Circulation Inverse Problem, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, USA, 464 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511629570, 1996.
Wunsch, C. and Heimbach, P.: Estimated Decadal Changes in the North Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heat Flux 1993–2004, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 2012–2024, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2957.1, 2006.
Yashayaev, I. and Loder, J. W.: Recurrent replenishment of Labrador Sea
Water and associated decadal-scale variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 121,
8095–8114, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012046, 2016.
Yashayaev, I. and Loder, J. W.: Further intensification of deep convection
in the Labrador Sea in 2016, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1429–1438,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071668, 2017.
Zantopp, R., Fischer, J., Visbeck, M., and Karstensen, J.: From interannual
to decadal: 17 years of boundary current transports at the exit of the
Labrador Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 122, 1724–1748,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012271, 2017.
Zenk, W. and Morozov, E.: Decadal warming of the coldest Antarctic Bottom
Water flow through the Vema Channel, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14607,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030340, 2007.
Short summary
The pathways of the Atlantic circulation form a complex system of currents that change meridionally due to interactions with nearby water masses. Over the last 30 years, hydrographic data have allowed us to characterize these upper, deep, and abyssal currents for the entire water column using high-resolution data, computing their mass, heat, and freshwater transports. Generally, we have found no changes among decades for each current in terms of the transport of mass or properties.
The pathways of the Atlantic circulation form a complex system of currents that change...
