Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-819-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-819-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Technical note: Stability of tris pH buffer in artificial seawater stored in bags
Wiley H. Wolfe
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
Kenisha M. Shipley
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina
Wilmington, Wilmington, 28403, USA
Yuichiro Takeshita
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, 95093, USA
Taylor Wirth
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
Todd R. Martz
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Elizabeth B. Farquhar, Philip J. Bresnahan, Michael Tydings, Jessie C. Jarvis, Robert F. Whitehead, and Dan Portelli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3375, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3375, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying the carbon budget in the ocean is logistically difficult and costly. Specifically, measuring the movement of CO2 across the air–sea interface requires expensive analyzers. To combat this, our group has developed a low-cost ΔpCO2 system, called The Sensor for the Exchange of Atmospheric CO2 with Water (SEACOW). We demonstrate the SEACOW’s ability to capture pCO2 cycling, provide recommendations for SEACOW field deployments, and provide technical specifications for the SEACOW.
Wiley Evans, Geoffrey T. Lebon, Christen D. Harrington, Yuichiro Takeshita, and Allison Bidlack
Biogeosciences, 19, 1277–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1277-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1277-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Information on the marine carbon dioxide system along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage has been limited. To address this gap, we instrumented an Alaskan ferry in order to characterize the marine carbon dioxide system in this region. Data over a 2-year period were used to assess drivers of the observed variability, identify the timing of severe conditions, and assess the extent of contemporary ocean acidification as well as future levels consistent with a 1.5 °C warmer climate.
Chiho Sukigara, Ryuichiro Inoue, Kanako Sato, Yoshihisa Mino, Takeyoshi Nagai, Andrea J. Fassbender, Yuichiro Takeshita, Stuart Bishop, and Eitarou Oka
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-9, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-9, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the physical changes in the ocean from winter to spring and the corresponding biological activities, two automated floats were used to conduct observations in the western North Pacific from January to April 2018. During the observation, repeated storms passed and mixed the ocean surface layer. Afterwards, active biological activity was observed. Using data from the float, we observed the formation, decomposition, and settling of particulate organic matter.
Chiho Sukigara, Ryuichiro Inoue, Kanako Sato, Yoshihisa Mino, Takeyoshi Nagai, Andrea J. Fassbender, Yuichiro Takeshita, and Eitarou Oka
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-116, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-116, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We combined ship-borne water sampling with the use of two Argo floats equipped with biogeochemical sensors to determine the changes in primary productivity associated with the passage of storms and resultant disturbance in the subtropical western North Pacific. We found that the episodic influx of carbon to the surface facilitated by storms played a key role in promoting primary production. Particulate carbon transported to the twilight layer were not the major substrate for the respiration.
Y. Takeshita, C. A. Frieder, T. R. Martz, J. R. Ballard, R. A. Feely, S. Kram, S. Nam, M. O. Navarro, N. N. Price, and J. E. Smith
Biogeosciences, 12, 5853–5870, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5853-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5853-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this manuscript, habitat-specific acidification projections are presented for four near-shore habitats in the Southern California Bight using high-temporal-resolution pH sensor data: surf zone, kelp forest, canyon edge, and the shelf break. All habitats were within 5km of one another and exhibited unique, habitat-specific CO2 variability signatures and acidification trajectories, demonstrating the importance of making projections in the context of habitat-specific CO2 signatures.
Cited articles
ACT: Protocols for the Performance Verification of In Situ pH Sensors,
Alliance for Coastal Technologies, Solomons, Maryland, USA, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-331, 2012.
Aßmann, S., Frank, C., and Körtzinger, A.: Spectrophotometric high-precision seawater pH determination for use in underway measuring systems, Ocean Sci., 7, 597–607, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-597-2011, 2011.
Bandstra, L., Hales, B., and Takahashi, T.: High-frequency measurements of total CO2: Method development and first oceanographic observations, Mar. Chem., 100, 24–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.10.009, 2006.
Bates, N., Astor, Y., Church, M., Currie, K., Dore, J., Gonzalez-Davila, M., Lorenzoni, L., Muller-Karger, F., Olafsson, J., and Santana-Casiano, J.: A Time-Series View of Changing Surface Ocean Chemistry Due to Ocean Uptake of Anthropogenic CO2 and Ocean Acidification, J. Oceanogr., 27, 126–141, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.16, 2014.
Bittig, H. C., Steinhoff, T., Claustre, H., Fiedler, B., Williams, N. L.,
Sauzède, R., Körtzinger, A., and Gattuso, J.-P.: An Alternative to
Static Climatologies: Robust Estimation of Open Ocean CO2 Variables
and Nutrient Concentrations From T, S, and O2 Data Using Bayesian
Neural Networks, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 328, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00328, 2018.
Bockmon, E. E. and Dickson, A. G.: An inter-laboratory comparison assessing the quality of seawater carbon dioxide measurements, Mar. Chem., 171, 36–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.02.002, 2015.
Branch, T. A., DeJoseph, B. M., Ray, L. J., and Wagner, C. A.: Impacts of ocean acidification on marine seafood, Trends Ecol. Evol., 28, 178–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.001, 2013.
Bresnahan, P. J., Martz, T. R., Takeshita, Y., Johnson, K. S., and
LaShomb, M.: Best practices for autonomous measurement of seawater pH with the
Honeywell Durafet, Methods in Oceanography, 9, 44–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mio.2014.08.003, 2014.
Bresnahan, P. J., Takeshita, Y., Wirth, T., Martz, T. R., Cyronak, T., Albright, R., Wolfe, K., Warren, J. K., and Mertz, K.: Autonomous in situ calibration of ion-sensitive field effect transistor pH sensors, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 19, 132–144, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10410, 2021.
Bushinsky, S. M., Takeshita, Y., and Williams, N. L.: Observing changes in ocean carbonate chemistry: our autonomous future, Current Climate Change Reports, 5, 207–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00129-8, 2019.
Byrne, R. H.: Measuring Ocean Acidification: New Technology for a New Era of Ocean Chemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 5352–5360, https://doi.org/10.1021/es405819p, 2014.
Carter, B., Radich, J., Doyle, H., and Dickson, A.: An automated system for spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 11, 16–27, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2013.11.16, 2013.
Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Williams, N. L., Dickson, A. G., Fong, M. B., and Takeshita, Y.: Updated methods for global locally interpolated estimation of alkalinity, pH, and nitrate, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 16, 119–131, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10232, 2018.
Chavez, F., Pennington, J. T., Michisaki, R., Blum, M., Chavez, G., Friederich, J., Jones, B., Herlien, R., Kieft, B., Hobson, B., Ren, A., Ryan, J., Sevadjian, J., Wahl, C., Walz, K., Yamahara, K., Friederich, G., and Messié, M.: Climate Variability and Change: Response of a Coastal Ocean Ecosystem, J. Oceanogr., 30, 128–145, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.429, 2017.
Cooley, S. R. and Doney, S. C.: Anticipating ocean acidification's economic consequences for commercial fisheries, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 8, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/2/024007, 2009.
DeGrandpre, M. D., Spaulding, R. S., Newton, J. O., Jaqueth, E. J., Hamblock, S. E., Umansky, A. A., and Harris, K. E.: Considerations for the measurement of spectrophotometric pH for ocean acidification and other studies, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 12, 830–839, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.830, 2014.
DelValls, T. and Dickson, A.: The pH of buffers based on 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (`tris') in synthetic sea water, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 45, 1541–1554, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00019-3, 1998.
Dickson, A. G.: An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total inorganic carbon from titration data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 28, 609–623, 1981.
Dickson, A. G.: pH buffers for sea-water media based on the total hydrogen-ion concentration scale, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 40, 107–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90055-8, 1993.
Dickson, A. G.: Reference materials for oceanic CO2 measurements, J. Oceanogr., 14, 21–22, 2001.
Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., and Christian, J. R.: Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements, PICES Special Publication 3, North Pacific Marine Science Organization, Sidney, British Columbia, 191 pp., 2007.
Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A., and Kleypas, J. A.: Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 169–192, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834, 2009.
Doney, S. C., Busch, D. S., Cooley, S. R., and Kroeker, K. J.: The impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems and reliant human communities, Annu. Rev. Env. Resour., 45, 83–112, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019, 2020.
Friederich, G., Walz, P., Burczynski, M., and Chavez, F.: Inorganic carbon in the central California upwelling system during the 1997–1999 El Niño–La Niña event, Prog. Oceanogr., 54, 185–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00049-6, 2002.
Hales, B., Takahashi, T., and Bandstra, L.: Atmospheric CO2 uptake by a coastal upwelling system, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002295, 2005.
Johnson, K. S., Jannasch, H. W., Coletti, L. J., Elrod, V. A., Martz, T. R., Takeshita, Y., Carlson, R. J., and Connery, J. G.: Deep-Sea DuraFET: A Pressure Tolerant pH Sensor Designed for Global Sensor Networks, Anal. Chem., 88, 3249–3256, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04653, 2016.
Johnson, K. S., Plant, J. N., Coletti, L. J., Jannasch, H. W., Sakamoto, C. M., Riser, S. C., Swift, D. D., Williams, N. L., Boss, E., Haëntjens, N., Talley, L. D., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Biogeochemical sensor performance in the SOCCOM profiling float array, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 6416–6436, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jc012838, 2017.
Karl, D. M.: Oceanic ecosystem time-series programs: Ten lessons learned, J. Oceanogr., 23, 104–125, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.27, 2010.
Lai, C.-Z., DeGrandpre, M. D., and Darlington, R. C.: Autonomous Optofluidic Chemical Analyzers for Marine Applications: Insights from the Submersible Autonomous Moored Instruments (SAMI) for pH and pCO2, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 438, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00438, 2018.
Liu, X. W., Patsavas, M. C., and Byrne, R. H.: Purification and Characterization of meta-Cresol Purple for Spectrophotometric Seawater pH Measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 4862–4868, https://doi.org/10.1021/es200665d, 2011.
Martz, T. R., Daly, K. L., Byrne, R. H., Stillman, J. H., and Turk, D.: Technology for ocean acidification research needs and availability, J. Oceanogr., 28, 40–47, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.30, 2015.
McLaughlin, K., Dickson, A., Weisberg, S. B., Coale, K., Elrod, V., Hunter, C., Johnson, K. S., Kram, S., Kudela, R., Martz, T., Negrey, K., Passow, U., Shaughnessy, F., Smith, J. E., Tadesse, D., Washburn, L., and Weis, K. R.: An evaluation of ISFET sensors for coastal pH monitoring applications, Regional Studies in Marine Science, 12, 11–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2017.02.008, 2017.
Müller, J., Bastkowski, F., Sander, B., Seitz, S., Turner, D., Dickson, A., and Rehder, G.: Metrology for pH Measurements in Brackish Waters-Part 1: Extending Electrochemical pH(T) Measurements of TRIS Buffers to Salinities 5–20, Fron. Mar. Sci., 5, 176, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00176, 2018.
Müller, J. D. and Rehder, G.: Metrology of pH Measurements in Brackish Waters – Part 2: Experimental Characterization of Purified meta-Cresol Purple for Spectrophotometric pHT Measurements, Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 177, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00177, 2018.
Nemzer, B. and Dickson, A.: The stability and reproducibility of Tris buffers in synthetic seawater, Mar. Chem., 96, 237–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.01.004, 2005.
Newton, J., Feely, R., Jewett, E., Williamson, P., and Mathis, J.: Global
Ocean Acidification Observing Network: Requirements and Governance Plan, 2nd Edn., Global ocean acidification observing network, Seattle, Washington, USA, 2015.
O'Sullivan, D. W. and Millero, F. J.: Continual measurement of the total inorganic carbon in surface seawater, Mar. Chem., 60, 75–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(97)00079-0, 1998.
Okazaki, R. R., Sutton, A. J., Feely, R. A., Dickson, A. G., Alin, S. R., Sabine, C. L., Bunje, P. M. E., and Virmani, J. I.: Evaluation of marine pH sensors under controlled and natural conditions for the Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPRIZE, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 15, 586–600, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10189, 2017.
Paulsen, M. L. and Dickson, A. G.: Preparation of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1, 3-propanediol (TRIS) pHT buffers in synthetic seawater, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 18, 504–515, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10383, 2020.
Papadimitriou, S., Loucaides, S., Rérolle, V., Achterberg, E. P., Dickson, A. G., Mowlem, M., and Kennedy, H.: The measurement of pH in saline and hypersaline media at sub-zero temperatures: Characterization of Tris buffers, Mar. Chem., 184, 11–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.06.002, 2016.
Pierrot, D., Neill, C., Sullivan, K., Castle, R., Wanninkhof, R., Lüger, H., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A., Feely, R. A., and Cosca, C. E.: Recommendations for autonomous underway pCO2 measuring systems and data-reduction routines, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 512–522, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.005, 2009.
Rodriguez, C., Huang, F., and Millero, F. J.: The partial molal volume and compressibility of Tris and Tris–HCl in water and 0.725 m NaCl as a function of temperature, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 104, 41–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.008, 2015.
Sabine, C., Sutton, A., McCabe, K., Lawrence-Slavas, N., Alin, S., Feely, R., Jenkins, R., Maenner, S., Meinig, C., and Thomas, J.: Evaluation of a new carbon dioxide system for autonomous surface vehicles, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 37, 1305–1317, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0010.1, 2020.
Sayles, F. L. and Eck, C.: An autonomous instrument for time series analysis of TCO2 from oceanographic moorings, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 1590–1603, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.04.006, 2009.
Seidel, M. P., DeGrandpre, M. D., and Dickson, A. G.: A sensor for in situ indicator-based measurements of seawater pH, Mar. Chem., 109, 18–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.013, 2008.
Sloyan, B. M., Wanninkhof, R., Kramp, M., Johnson, G. C., Talley, L. D.,
Tanhua, T., McDonagh, E., Cusack, C., O'Rourke, E., McGovern, E.,
Katsumata, K., Diggs, S., Hummon, J., Ishii, M., Azetsu-Scott, K., Boss, E.,
Ansorge, I., Perez, F. F., Mercier, H., Williams, M. J. M., Anderson, L.,
Lee, J. H., Murata, A., Kouketsu, S., Jeansson, E., Hoppema, M., and
Campos, E.: The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program
(GO-SHIP): A Platform for Integrated Multidisciplinary Ocean Sci., Front.
Mar. Sci., 6, 445, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00445, 2019.
Spaulding, R. S., DeGrandpre, M. D., Beck, J. C., Hart, R. D., Peterson, B., De Carlo, E. H., Drupp, P. S., and Hammar, T. R.: Autonomous in Situ Measurements of Seawater Alkalinity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9573–9581, https://doi.org/10.1021/es501615x, 2014.
Sutton, A. J., Feely, R. A., Maenner-Jones, S., Musielwicz, S., Osborne, J., Dietrich, C., Monacci, N., Cross, J., Bott, R., Kozyr, A., Andersson, A. J., Bates, N. R., Cai, W.-J., Cronin, M. F., De Carlo, E. H., Hales, B., Howden, S. D., Lee, C. M., Manzello, D. P., McPhaden, M. J., Meléndez, M., Mickett, J. B., Newton, J. A., Noakes, S. E., Noh, J. H., Olafsdottir, S. R., Salisbury, J. E., Send, U., Trull, T. W., Vandemark, D. C., and Weller, R. A.: Autonomous seawater pCO2 and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 421–439, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-421-2019, 2019.
Takeshita, Y., Frieder, C. A., Martz, T. R., Ballard, J. R., Feely, R. A., Kram, S., Nam, S., Navarro, M. O., Price, N. N., and Smith, J. E.: Including high-frequency variability in coastal ocean acidification projections, Biogeosciences, 12, 5853–5870, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5853-2015, 2015.
Takeshita, Y., McGillis, W., Briggs, E. M., Carter, A. L., Donham, E. M., Martz, T. R., Price, N. N., and Smith, J. E.: Assessment of net community production and calcification of a coral reef using a boundary layer approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 5655–5671, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011886, 2016.
Takeshita, Y., Martz, T. R., Coletti, L. J., Dickson, A. G., Jannasch, H. W., and Johnson, K. S.: The effects of pressure on pH of Tris buffer in synthetic seawater, Mar. Chem., 188, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.11.002, 2017.
Takeshita, Y., Johnson, K. S., Martz, T. R., Plant, J. N., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Assessment of Autonomous pH Measurements for Determining Surface Seawater Partial Pressure of CO2, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 4003–4013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jc013387, 2018.
Takeshita, Y., Warren, J. K., Liu, X., Spaulding, R. S., Byrne, R. H., Carter, B. R., DeGrandpre, M. D., Murata, A., and Watanabe, S.: Consistency and stability of purified meta-cresol purple for spectrophotometric pH measurements in seawater, Mar. Chem., in review, 2021.
Tilbrook, B., Jewett, E. B., DeGrandpre, M. D., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Feely, R. A., Gledhill, D. K., Hansson, L., Isensee, K., Kurz, M. L., Newton, J. A., Siedlecki, S. A., Chai, F., Dupont, S., Graco, M., Calvo, E., Greeley, D., Kapsenberg, L., Lebrec, M., Pelejero, C., Schoo, K. L., and Telszewski, M.: An Enhanced Ocean Acidification Observing Network: From People to Technology to Data Synthesis and Information Exchange, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 21, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00337, 2019.
Wang, Z. A., Sonnichsen, F. N., Bradley, A. M., Hoering, K. A., Lanagan, T. M., Chu, S. N., Hammar, T. R., and Camilli, R.: In Situ Sensor Technology for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Measurements of Seawater Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and pH, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 4441–4449, https://doi.org/10.1021/es504893n, 2015.
Wang, Z. A., Moustahfid, H., Mueller, A. V., Michel, A. P. M., Mowlem, M., Glazer, B. T., Mooney, T. A., Michaels, W., McQuillan, J. S., Robidart, J. C., Churchill, J., Sourisseau, M., Daniel, A., Schaap, A., Monk, S., Friedman, K., and Brehmer, P.: Advancing Observation of Ocean Biogeochemistry, Biology, and Ecosystems With Cost-Effective in situ Sensing Technologies, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 22, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00519, 2019.
Williams, N. L., Juranek, L. W., Johnson, K. S., Feely, R. A., Riser, S. C., Talley, L. D., Russell, J. L., Sarmiento, J. L., and Wanninkhof, R.: Empirical algorithms to estimate water column pH in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3415–3422, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068539, 2016.
Wolfe, W. H., Shipley, K. M., Bresnahan, P. J., Takeshita, Y.,
Wirth, T., and Martz, T. R.: Data from: Technical note: stability of tris pH
buffer in artificial seawater stored in bags, UC San Diego Library Digital
Collections, https://doi.org/10.6075/J0QC022G, 2021.
Short summary
We tested the stability of a well-characterized seawater pH buffer, tris, during long-term storage in gas-impermeable bags. Tris is used to validate pH measurements; it is critical that we understand how its chemistry changes over time. Correspondingly, we prepared multiple batches of tris buffer in artificial seawater, stored the buffer in multiple types of gas impermeable bags, and analyzed its pH over the course of 300 d, discovering an average change of −0.006 yr−1.
We tested the stability of a well-characterized seawater pH buffer, tris, during long-term...