Articles | Volume 17, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1657-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1657-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Nov 2021
Research article |
| 18 Nov 2021
| 18 Nov 2021
The diurnal cycle of pCO2 in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea
Meteorological and Marine Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Jens Daniel Müller
Environmental Physics, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
Jukka Seppälä
Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Gregor Rehder
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
Sami Kielosto
Meteorological and Marine Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Pasi Ylöstalo
Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Timo Mäkelä
Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Juha Hatakka
Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Lauri Laakso
Meteorological and Marine Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Cited
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Variability in Sea Surface pCO2 and Controlling Factors in the Bay of Bengal Based on buoy Observations at 15°N, 90°E H. Ye et al. 10.1029/2022JC018477
- Seasonal dynamics and regional distribution patterns of CO2 and CH4 in the north-eastern Baltic Sea S. Lainela et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4495-2024
- Surface ocean carbon budget in the 2017 south Georgia diatom bloom: Observations and validation of profiling biogeochemical argo floats A. Coggins et al. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105275
- Prey dynamics as a buffer: enhancing copepod resilience to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8c
- Summer drought enhances diurnal amplitude of CO2 in two German rivers of different size P. Leng et al. 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122870
- Persistent hot spots of CO2 and CH4 in coastal nearshore environments E. Asmala & M. Scheinin 10.1002/lol2.10370
- A carbonate system time series in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Two years of high-frequency in-situ observations and remote sensing C. Frangoulis et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1348161
- Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea M. Honkanen et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024
- Spatial and seasonal variability of CO2 flux and carbonate chemistry in a subtropical estuary L. Dias et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109197
- Towards operational phytoplankton recognition with automated high-throughput imaging, near-real-time data processing, and convolutional neural networks K. Kraft et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.867695
- Shipping and algae emissions have a major impact on ambient air mixing ratios of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and methanethiol on Utö Island in the Baltic Sea H. Hellén et al. 10.5194/acp-24-4717-2024
- Trait response of three Baltic Sea spring dinoflagellates to temperature, salinity, and light gradients L. Haraguchi et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1156487
- Reply to the comment by Filbee-Dexter et al. (2023) “Seaweed forests are carbon sinks that may help mitigate CO2 emissions” J. Gallagher & I. Rodil 10.1093/icesjms/fsad119
- On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange L. Gutiérrez-Loza et al. 10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022
- Measurement report: The effects of SECA regulations on the atmospheric SO2 concentrations in the Baltic Sea, based on long-term observations on the Finnish island, Utö A. Maragkidou et al. 10.5194/acp-25-2443-2025
- Monitoring cyanobacteria blooms with complementary measurements – a similar story told using high-throughput imaging, optical sensors, light microscopy, and satellite-based methods K. Kraft et al. 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102865
- Diurnal versus spatial variability of greenhouse gas emissions from an anthropogenically modified lowland river in Germany M. Koschorreck et al. 10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024
- pCO2 Algorithms for the Baltic Sea Based on Ship, Modelled, and Satellite Data S. Kuzmina & P. Lobanova 10.1134/S0001437024700917
- The diurnal cycle of <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea M. Honkanen et al. 10.5194/os-17-1657-2021
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Variability in Sea Surface pCO2 and Controlling Factors in the Bay of Bengal Based on buoy Observations at 15°N, 90°E H. Ye et al. 10.1029/2022JC018477
- Seasonal dynamics and regional distribution patterns of CO2 and CH4 in the north-eastern Baltic Sea S. Lainela et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4495-2024
- Surface ocean carbon budget in the 2017 south Georgia diatom bloom: Observations and validation of profiling biogeochemical argo floats A. Coggins et al. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105275
- Prey dynamics as a buffer: enhancing copepod resilience to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8c
- Summer drought enhances diurnal amplitude of CO2 in two German rivers of different size P. Leng et al. 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122870
- Persistent hot spots of CO2 and CH4 in coastal nearshore environments E. Asmala & M. Scheinin 10.1002/lol2.10370
- A carbonate system time series in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Two years of high-frequency in-situ observations and remote sensing C. Frangoulis et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1348161
- Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea M. Honkanen et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024
- Spatial and seasonal variability of CO2 flux and carbonate chemistry in a subtropical estuary L. Dias et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109197
- Towards operational phytoplankton recognition with automated high-throughput imaging, near-real-time data processing, and convolutional neural networks K. Kraft et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.867695
- Shipping and algae emissions have a major impact on ambient air mixing ratios of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and methanethiol on Utö Island in the Baltic Sea H. Hellén et al. 10.5194/acp-24-4717-2024
- Trait response of three Baltic Sea spring dinoflagellates to temperature, salinity, and light gradients L. Haraguchi et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1156487
- Reply to the comment by Filbee-Dexter et al. (2023) “Seaweed forests are carbon sinks that may help mitigate CO2 emissions” J. Gallagher & I. Rodil 10.1093/icesjms/fsad119
- On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange L. Gutiérrez-Loza et al. 10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022
- Measurement report: The effects of SECA regulations on the atmospheric SO2 concentrations in the Baltic Sea, based on long-term observations on the Finnish island, Utö A. Maragkidou et al. 10.5194/acp-25-2443-2025
- Monitoring cyanobacteria blooms with complementary measurements – a similar story told using high-throughput imaging, optical sensors, light microscopy, and satellite-based methods K. Kraft et al. 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102865
- Diurnal versus spatial variability of greenhouse gas emissions from an anthropogenically modified lowland river in Germany M. Koschorreck et al. 10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024
- pCO2 Algorithms for the Baltic Sea Based on Ship, Modelled, and Satellite Data S. Kuzmina & P. Lobanova 10.1134/S0001437024700917
Latest update: 24 May 2025
Short summary
The exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the sea and the atmosphere is regulated by the gradient of CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) between the sea and the air. The daily variation of the seawater pCO2 recorded at the fixed station Utö in the Baltic Sea was found to be mainly biologically driven. Calculation of the annual net exchange of CO2 between the sea and atmosphere based on daily measurements of pCO2 carried out using the same sampling time every day could introduce a bias of up to 12 %.
The exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the sea and the atmosphere is regulated by the...
