Boon, J. D.: Evidence of sea level acceleration at U.S. and Canadian tide
stations, Atlantic coast, North America, J. Coastal Res., 28, 1437–1445,
https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00102.1, 2012.
Blaker, E. T, Hirschi, J. J. M., McCarthy, G., Sinha, B., Taws, S., Marsh,
R., Coward, A., and de Cuevas, B.: Historical analogues of the recent
extreme minima observed in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
at 26
∘ N, Clim. Dynam., 44, 457–473, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2274-6, 2014.
Bryden, H. L., Longworth, H. R., and Cunningham, S. A.: Slowing of the
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25
∘ N, Nature, 438,
655–657, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04385, 2005.
Caesar, L., Rahmstorf, S., Robinson, A., Feulner, G., and Saba, V.: Observed
fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation, Nature,
556, 191–196, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0006-5, 2018.
Calafat, F. M., Chambers, D. P., and Tsimplis, M. N.: On the ability of
global sea level reconstructions to determine trends and variability, J.
Geophys. Res., 119, 1572–1592, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009298, 2014.
Chambers, D. P.: Evaluation of empirical mode decomposition for quantifying multi-decadal variations and acceleration in sea level records, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 22, 157–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-22-157-2015, 2015.
Chambers, D. P., Merrifield, M. A., and Nerem, R. S.: Is there a 60-year
oscillation in global mean sea level?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L18607,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052885, 2012.
Cheng, W., Chiang, J. C., and Zhang, D.: Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation (AMOC) in CMIP5 models: RCP and historical simulations, J.
Climate, 26, 7187–7197, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00496.1, 2013.
Church, J. A. and White, N. J.: A 20th century acceleration in global
sea-level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024826, 2006.
Church, J. A. and White, N. J.: Sea-level rise from the late 19th to
the early 21st century, Surv. Geophys., 32, 585–602,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1, 2011.
Church, J. A., White, N. J., Konikow, L. F., Domingues, C. M., Cogley, J.
G., Rignot, E., Gregory, J. M., van den Broeke, M. R., Monaghan, A. J., and
Velicogna, I.: Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961
to 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L18601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794, 2011.
Dangendorf, S., Rybski, D., Mudersbach, C., Müller, A., Kaufmann, E.,
Zorita, E., and Jensen, J.: Evidence for long-term memory in sea level,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 5564–5571, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060538, 2014.
Dangendorf, S., Marcos, M., Wöppelmann, G., Conrad, C. P., Frederikse,
T., and Riva, R.: Reassessment of 20th century global mean sea level rise,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 5946–5951, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616007114, 2017.
Dangendorf, S., Hay, C., Calafat, F. M., Marcos, M., Piecuch, C. G., Berk,
K., and Jensen, J.: Persistent acceleration in global sea-level rise since
the 1960s, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 705–710, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0531-8,
2019.
Domingues, R., Goni, G., Baringer, N., and Volkov, D.: What caused the
accelerated sea level changes along the U.S. East Coast during 2010–2015?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 13367–13376, 2018.
Dong, S., Baringer, M. O., and Goni, G. J.: Slow Down of the Gulf Stream
during 1993–2016, Sci. Rep.-UK, 9, 6672, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42820-8, 2019.
Ducet, N., Le Traon, P. Y., and Reverdin, G.: Global high resolution mapping
of ocean circulation from the combinatio
n of T/P and ERS-l/2, J. Geophys.
Res., 105, 19477–19498, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900063, 2000.
Ezer, T.: Decadal variabilities of the upper layers of the subtropical North
Atlantic: An ocean model study, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 3111–3124,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<3111:DVOTUL>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Ezer, T.: Can long-term variability in the Gulf Stream transport be inferred
from sea level?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1031–1034,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011640, 2001.
Ezer, T.: Sea level rise, spatially uneven and temporally unsteady: Why the
U.S. East Coast, the global tide gauge record, and the global altimeter data
show different trends, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5439–5444,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057952, 2013.
Ezer, T.: Detecting changes in the transport of the Gulf Stream and the
Atlantic overturning circulation from coastal sea level data: The extreme
decline in 2009–2010 and estimated variations for 1935–2012, Global Planet.
Change, 129, 23–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.03.002, 2015.
Ezer, T.: Can the Gulf Stream induce coherent short-term fluctuations in sea
level along the U.S. East Coast?: A modeling study, Ocean Dynam., 66,
207–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-0928-0, 2016.
Ezer, T.: Regional differences in sea level rise between the Mid-Atlantic
Bight and the South Atlantic Bight: Is the Gulf Stream to blame?, Earth's
Future, 7, 771–783, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001174, 2019.
Ezer, T. and Atkinson, L. P.: Accelerated flooding along the U.S. East
Coast: On the impact of sea-level rise, tides, storms, the Gulf Stream, and
the North Atlantic Oscillations, Earth's Future, 2, 362–382,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000252, 2014.
Ezer, T., Mellor, G. L., and Greatbatch R. J.: On the interpentadal
variability of the North Atlantic ocean: Model simulated changes in
transport, meridional heat flux and coastal sea level between 1955–1959 and
1970–1974, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10559–10566, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC00659,
1995.
Ezer, T., Atkinson, L. P., Corlett, W. B., and Blanco, J. L.: Gulf Stream's
induced sea level rise and variability along the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast, J.
Geophys. Res., 118, 685–697, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20091, 2013.
Frederikse, T., Simon, K., Katsman, C. A., and Riva, R.: The sea-level
budget along the Northwest Atlantic coast: GIA, mass changes, and
large-scale ocean dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 122, 5486–5501,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012699, 2017.
Gehrels, W. R., Dangendorf, S., Barlow, N. L. M., Saher, M. H., Long, A. J.,
Woodworth, P. L., Piecuch, C. G., and Berk, K.: A preindustrial sea-level
rise hotspot along the Atlantic coast of North America, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
47, e2019GL085814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085814, 2020.
Goddard, P. B., Yin, J., Griffies, A. M., and Zhang, S.: An extreme event of
sea-level rise along the Northeast coast of North America in 2009–2010,
Nat. Commun., 6, 6346, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7346, 2015.
Greatbatch, R. J., Fanning, A. F., Goulding, A. D., and Levitus, S.: A
diagnosis of interpentadal circulation changes in the North Atlantic, J.
Geophys. Res., 96, 22009–22023, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC02423, 1991.
Grinsted, A., Moore, J. C., and Jevrejeva, S.: Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 11, 561–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-11-561-2004, 2004.
Haigh, I. D., Wahl, T., Rohling, E. J., Price, R. M., Battiaratchi, C. B.,
Calafatn F. M., and Dangendorf, S.: Timescales for detecting a significant
acceleration in sea level rise, Nat. Commun., 5, 3635,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4635, 2014.
Hakkinen, S. and Rhines, P. B.: Decline of subpolar North Atlantic
circulation during the 1990s, Science, 304, 555–559,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094917, 2004.
Hamlington, B. D., Leben, R. R., Strassburg, M. W., and Kim, K.-Y.:
Cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function sea-level reconstruction,
Geosci. Data J., 1, 13–19, https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.6, 2014.
Han, W., Stammer, D., Thompson, P., Ezer, T., Palanisamy, H., Zhang, X.,
Domingues, C., Zhang, L., and Yuan, D.: Impact of basin-scale climate modes
on coastal sea level: a review, Surv. Geophys., 40, 1493–1541,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09562-8, 2019.
Hay, C. H., Morrow, E., Kopp, R. E., and Mitrovica, J. X.: On the robustness
of Bayesian fingerprinting estimates of global sea level change, J. Climate,
30, 3025–3038, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0271.1, 2015.
Holgate, S. J., Matthews, A., Woodworth, P. L., Rickards, L. J., Tamisiea,
M. E., Bradshaw, E., Foden, P. R., Gordon, K. L., Jevrejeva, S., and Pugh, J.:
New data systems and products at the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level,
J. Coastal Res., 29, 493–504, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00175.1, 2013.
Huang, N. E., Shen, Z., Long, S. R., Wu, M. C., Shih, E. H., Zheng, Q.,
Tung, C. C., and Liu, H. H.: The empirical mode decomposition and the
Hilbert spectrum for non stationary time series analysis, Proc. R. Soc. Lon. Ser.-A, 454, 903–995, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1998.0193, 1998.
Hughes, C. W., Fukumori, I., Griffies, S. M., Huthnance, J. M., Minobe, S.,
Spence, P., Thompson, K. R., and Wise, A.: Sea level and the role of coastal
trapped waves in mediating the influence of the open ocean on the coast,
Surv. Geophys., 40, 1467–1492, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09535-x, 2019.
Huthnance, J. M.: On coastal trapped waves: Analysis and numerical
calculation by inverse iteration, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 74–92,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1978)008<0074:OCTWAA>2.0.CO;2,
1978.
Jevrejeva, S., Moore, J. C., Grinsted, A., and Woodworth, P. L.: Recent
global sea level acceleration started over 200 years ago?, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 35, L08715, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033611, 2008.
Kenigson, J. S. and Han, W.: Detecting and understanding the accelerated
sea level rise along the east coast of US during recent decades, J. Geophys.
Res., 119, 8749–8766, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010305, 2014.
Kopp, R. E.: Does the mid-Atlantic United States sea-level acceleration hot
spot reflect ocean dynamic variability?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40,
3981–3985, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50781, 2013.
Levermann, A., Griesel, A., Hofmann, M., Montoya, M., and Rahmstorf, S.:
Dynamic sea level changes following changes in the thermohaline circulation,
Clim. Dynam., 24, 347–354, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0505-y, 2005.
Levitus, S.: Interpentadal variability of temperature and salinity at
intermediate depths of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1970–1974 versus
1955–1959, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6091–6131, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC094iC05p06091,
1989.
Levitus, S.: Interpentadal variability of steric sea level and geopotential
thickness of the north Atlantic Ocean, 1970–1974 versus 1955–1959, J.
Geophys. Res., 95, 5233–5238, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC04p05233, 1990.
Little, C. M., Hu, A., Hughes, C. W., McCarthy, G. D., Piecuch, C. G.,
Ponte, R. M., and Thomas, M. D.: The Relationship between U.S. East Coast
sea level and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A review, J.
Geophys. Res., 124, 6435–6458, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015152, 2019.
McCarthy, G., Frejka-Williams, E., Johns, W. E., Baringer, M. O., Meinen, C.
S., Bryden, H. L., Rayner, D., Duchez, A., Roberts, C., and Cunningham, S.
A.: Observed interannual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning
circulation at 26.5
∘ N, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052933,
2012.
Meinen, C. S., Baringer, M. O., and Garcia, R. F.: Florida Current transport
variability: An analysis of annual and longer-period signals, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I,
57, 835–846, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.001, 2010.
Merrifield, M. A., Merrifield, S. T., and Mitchum, G. T.: An anomalous recent
acceleration of global sea level rise, J. Climate, 22, 5772–5781,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2985.1, 2009.
Miller, K. G., Kopp, R. E., Horton, B. P., Browning, J. V., and Kemp, A. C.: A geological perspective on sea-level rise and its impacts along the US mid-Atlantic coast, Earths Future, 1, 3–18, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000135, 2013.
Montgomery, R.: Fluctuations in monthly sea level on eastern U.S.
coast as related to dynamics of western North Atlantic Ocean, J. Mar. Res.,
1, 165–185, 1938.
NOAA: AMO index, available at:
https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/timeseries/AMO/, last access: 20 August 2020.
NOAA/AOML: Florida CurrentTransport Time Series and Cruises, available at:
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/floridacurrent/, last access: 20 August 2020.
Piecuch, C. G., Dangendorf, S., Gawarkiewicz, G. G., Little, C. M., Ponte,
R. M., and Yang, J.: How is New England coastal sea level related to the
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26
∘ N?, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 46, 5351–5360, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083073, 2019.
Rahmstorf, S., Box, J., Feulner, G., Mann, M. E., Robinson, A., Rutherford,
S., and Schaffernicht, E. J.: Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in
Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 475–480,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2554, 2015.
RAPID: monitoring the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation at 26.5
∘ N since 2004, available at:
http://www.rapid.ac.uk/rapidmoc/, last access: 20 August 2020.
Reintges, A., Martin, T., Latif, M., and Keenlyside, N. S.: Uncertainty in
twenty-first century projections of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation in CMIP3 and CMIP5 models, Clim. Dynam., 49, 1495–1511,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3180-x, 2017.
Roberts, C. D., Jackson, L., and McNeall, D.: Is the 2004–2012 reduction of
the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation significant?, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 41, 3204–3210, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059473, 2014.
Rossby, T., Flagg, C. N., Donohue, K., Sanchez-Franks, A., and Lillibridge,
J.: On the long-term stability of Gulf Stream transport based on 20-years of
direct measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 114–120,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058636, 2014.
Sallenger, A. H., Doran, K. S., and Howd, P.: Hotspot of accelerated
sea-level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America, Nat. Clim. Change,
2, 884–888, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1597, 2012.
Sevellec, F. and Federov, A. V.: The leading, interdecadal eigenmode of the
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a realistic ocean model, J.
Climate, 26, 2160–2183, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00023.1, 2013.
Smeed, D. A., McCarthy, G. D., Cunningham, S. A., Frajka-Williams, E., Rayner, D., Johns, W. E., Meinen, C. S., Baringer, M. O., Moat, B. I., Duchez, A., and Bryden, H. L.: Observed decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2004–2012, Ocean Sci., 10, 29–38, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-29-2014, 2014.
Smeed, D. A., Josey, S. A., Beaulieu, C., Johns, W. E., Moat, B. I.,
Frajka-Williams, E., Rayner, D., Meinen, C. S., Baringer, M. O., Bryden, H.
L., and McCarthy, G. D.: The North Atlantic Ocean is in a State of reduced
overturning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 1527–1533, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076350, 2018.
Srokosz, M., Baringer, M., Bryden, H., Cunningham, S., Delworth, T., Lozier,
S., Marotzke, J., and Sutton, R.: Past, present, and future changes in the
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93,
1663–1676, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00151.1, 2012.
Taylor, A. H. and Stephens, J. A.: The North Atlantic Oscillation
and the latitude of the Gulf Stream, Tellus A, 50, 134–142,
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v50i1.14517, 1998.
Valle-Levinson, A., Dutton, A., and Martin, J. B.: Spatial and temporal
variability of sea level rise hot spots over the eastern United States,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 7876–7882, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073926, 2017.
Woodworth, P. L., Maqueda, M. M., Gehrels, W. R., Roussenov, V. M.,
Williams, R. G., and Hughes, C. W.: Variations in the difference between
mean sea level measured either side of Cape Hatteras and their relation to
the North Atlantic Oscillation, Clim. Dynam., 49, 2451–2469,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3464-1, 2016.
Woodworth, P. L., Menéndez, M., and Gehrels, W. R.: Evidence for
century-timescale acceleration in mean sea levels and for recent changes in
extreme sea levels, Surv. Geophys., 32, 603–618,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9112-8, 2011.
Wu, Z. and Huang, N. E.: Ensemble empirical mode decomposition: a
noise-assisted data analysis method, Adv. Adapt. Data Analys., 1, 1–41,
2009.
Wu, Z., Huang, N. E., Long, S. R., and Peng, C.-K.: On the trend, detrending and
variability of nonlinear and non-stationary time series, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 104, 14889–14894, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701020104, 2007.
Yin, J. and Goddard, P. B.: Oceanic control of sea level rise patterns
along the East Coast of the United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40,
5514–5520, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057992, 2013.
Zhang, W., Chai, F., Xue, H., and Oey, L.-Y.: Remote sensing linear trends of
the Gulf Stream from 1993 to 2016, Ocean Dynam., 70, 701–712,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01356-6, 2020.