Bopp, M.: Messung der Schubspannungsgeschwindigkeit am Heidelberger Aeolotron
mittels der Impulsbilanzmethode, Bachelor thesis, Institut für Umweltphysik,
Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Univ. Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, 2011.
a,
b
Brockmann, U. H., Hühnerfuss, H., Kattner, G., Broecker, H.-C., and
Hentzschel, G.: Artificial surface films in the sea area near Sylt, Limnol. Oceanogr., 27, 1050–1058,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1982.27.6.1050, 1982.
a
Broecker, H. C., Siems, W., and Petermann, J.: The influence of wind on CO
2
exchange in a wind wave tunnel, including the effects of monolayers, J. Mar. Res., 36, 595–610, 1978. a
Broecker, W. S., Ledwell, J. R., Takahashi, T., Weiss, R., Merlivat, L.,
Memery, L., Jähne, B., and Münnich, K. O.: Isotopic versus
micrometeorologic ocean
CO2 fluxes: A serious conflict, J. Geophys.
Res., 91, 10517–10528,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC091iC09p10517, 1986.
a
Crosswell, J. R.: Bubble Clouds in Coastal Waters and Their Role in Air-Water
Gas Exchange of
CO2, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 3, 866–890,
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3030866, 2015.
a
Edson, J. B., Jampana, V., Weller, R. A., Bigorre, S. P., Plueddemann, A. J.,
Fairall, C. W., Miller, S. D., Mahrt, L., Vickers, D., and Hersbach, H.: On
the exchange of momentum over the open ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43,
1589–1610,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0173.1, 2013.
a,
b
Esters, L., Landwehr, S., Sutherland, G., Bell, T. G., Christensen, K. H.,
Saltzman, E. S., Miller, S. D., and Ward, B.: Parameterizing air-sea gas
transfer velocity with dissipation, J. Geophys. Res., 122, 3041–3056,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012088, 2017.
a
Frew, N., Bock, E., Schimpf, U., Hara, T., Haussecker, H., Edson, J., McGillis,
W., Nelson, R., McKenna, S., Uz, B., and Jähne, B.: Air-sea gas transfer:
Its dependence on wind stress, small-scale roughness, and surface films, J.
Geophys. Res., 109, C08S17,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002131, 2004.
a,
b
Frew, N. M., Goldman, J. C., Denett, M. R., and Johnson, A. S.: Impact of
phytoplankton-generated surfactants on air-sea gas-exchange, J. Geophys.
Res., 95, 3337–3352,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC03p03337, 1990.
a,
b
Frew, N. M., Bock, E. J., McGillis, W. R., Karachintsev, A. V., Hara, T.,
Münsterer, T., and Jähne, B.: Variation of air–water gas transfer with
wind stress and surface viscoelasticity, in: Air-water Gas Transfer, Selected
Papers from the Third International Symposium on Air-Water Gas Transfer,
edited by: Jähne, B. and Monahan, E. C., 529–541, AEON, Hanau,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10405, 1995.
a
Garbe, C. S., Rutgersson, A., Boutin, J., Delille, B., Fairall, C. W., Gruber,
N., Hare, J., Ho, D., Johnson, M., de Leeuw, G., Nightingale, P., Pettersson,
H., Piskozub, J., Sahlee, E., Tsai, W., Ward, B., Woolf, D. K., and Zappa,
C.: Transfer across the air-sea interface, in: Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
of Gases and Particles,
edited by: Liss, P. S. and Johnson, M. T., 55–112, Springer, Heidelberg,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25643-1_2,
2014.
a
Goldman, J. C., Dennet, M. R., and Frew, N. M.: Surfactant effects on air-sea
gas exchange under turbulent conditions, Deep-Sea Res, 35, 1953–1970,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90119-7, 1988.
a
Harrison, E. L., Veron, F., Ho, D. T., Reid, M. C., Orton, P., and McGillis,
W. R.: Nonlinear interaction between rain- and wind-induced air-water gas
exchange, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C03034,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007693, 2012.
a
Ho, D. T., Wanninkhof, R., Schlosser, P., Ullman, D. S., Hebert, D., and
Sullivan, K. F.: Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas
exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with
3He∕SF6 during the Southern
Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00F04,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006854, 2011.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i
Jessup, A. T., Asher, W. E., Atmane, M., Phadnis, K., Zappa, C. J., and Loewen,
M. R.: Evidence for complete and partial surface renewal at an air-water
interface, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038986, 2009.
a
Jähne, B.: Trockene Deposition von Gasen über Wasser
(Gasaustausch), in: Austausch von Luftverunreinigungen an der Grenzfläche
Atmosphäre/Erdoberfläche, Zwischenbericht für das Umweltbundesamt zum
Teilprojekt 1: Deposition von Gasen, BleV-R-64.284-2, edited by: Flothmann,
D., Battelle Institut, Frankfurt,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10278, 1982.
a
Jähne, B., Münnich, K. O., and Siegenthaler, U.: Measurements of gas exchange
and momentum transfer in a circular wind-water tunnel, Tellus, 31, 321–329,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1979.tb00911.x, 1979.
a,
b
Jähne, B., Münnich, K. O., Bösinger, R., Dutzi, A., Huber, W., and Libner,
P.: On the parameters influencing air-water gas exchange, J. Geophys. Res.,
92, 1937–1950,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC02p01937, 1987.
a,
b,
c
Jähne, B., Libner, P., Fischer, R., Billen, T., and Plate, E. J.:
Investigating the transfer process across the free aqueous boundary layer by
the controlled flux method, Tellus, 41, 177–195,
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v41i2.15068, 1989.
a,
b,
c
Krall, K. E.: Laboratory Investigations of Air-Sea Gas Transfer under a Wide
Range of Water Surface Conditions, Dissertation, Institut für Umweltphysik,
Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Univ. Heidelberg, Heidelberg,
Germany,
https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00014392, 2013.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i
Kräuter, C.: Visualization of air-water gas exchange, Dissertation, Institut
für Umweltphysik, Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Univ.
Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,
https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00018209, 2015.
a
Kräuter, C., Trofimova, D., Kiefhaber, D., Krah, N., and Jähne, B.: High
resolution 2-D fluorescence imaging of the mass boundary layer thickness at
free water surfaces, J. Europ. Opt. Soc. Rap. Public., 9, 14016,
https://doi.org/10.2971/jeos.2014.14016, 2014.
a
Kromer, B. and Roether, W.: Field measurements of air-sea gas exchange by the
radon deficit method during JASIN 1978 and FGGE 1979, Meteor
Forschungsergebnisse, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Reihe A/B, Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, Stuttgart, Germany, 24, 55–76,
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.604844, 1983.
a,
b
Kunz, J. and Jähne, B.: Investigating small scale air-sea exchange processes
via thermography, Front. Mech. Eng., 4, 4,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2018.00004,
2018.
a,
b,
c,
d
Liss, P. S. and Merlivat, L.: Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and
synthesis, in: The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, edited
by: Buat-Menard, P., 113–129, Reidel, Boston, MA,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4738-2_5, 1986.
a
McKenna, S. P. and Bock, E. J.: Physicochemical effects of the marine
microlayer on air-sea gas transport, in: Marine Surface Films: Chemical
Characteristics, Influence on Air-Sea Interactions, and Remote Sensing,
edited by: Gade, M., Hühnerfuss, H., and Korenowski, G. M., 77–91,
Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Germany,
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33271-5_9, 2006.
a
Mesarchaki, E., Kräuter, C., Krall, K. E., Bopp, M., Helleis, F., Williams,
J., and Jähne, B.: Measuring air–sea gas-exchange velocities in a
large-scale annular wind–wave tank, Ocean Sci., 11, 121–138,
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-121-2015, 2015.
a,
b
Nagel, L.: Active Thermography to Investigate Small-Scale Air-Water Transport
Processes in the Laboratory and the Field, Dissertation, Institut für
Umweltphysik, Fakultät für Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Univ.
Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,
https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00016831, 2014.
a,
b
Nagel, L., Krall, K. E., and Jähne, B.: Comparative heat and gas exchange
measurements in the Heidelberg Aeolotron, a large annular wind-wave tank,
Ocean Sci., 11, 111–120,
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-111-2015, 2015.
a,
b
Nightingale, P. D., Malin, G., Law, C. S., Watson, A. J., Liss, P. S.,
Liddicoat, M. I., Boutin, J., and Upstill-Goddard, R. C.: In situ evaluation
of air-sea gas exchange parameterization using novel conservation and
volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cy, 14, 373–387,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900091, 2000.
a
Pereira, R., Ashton, I., Sabbaghzadeh, B., Shutler, J. D., and Upstill-Goddard,
R. C.: Reduced air–sea
CO2 exchange in the Atlantic Ocean due to biological
surfactants, Nat. Geosci., 11, 492–496,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0136-2, 2018.
a
Richter, K. and Jähne, B.: A laboratory study of the Schmidt number
dependency of air-water gas transfer, in: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces
2010, edited by: Komori, S., McGillis, W., and Kurose, R., Kyoto Univ. Press, Kyoto, Japan, 322–332,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14955, 2011.
a,
b
Roether, W. and Kromer, B.: Optimum application of the radon deficit method to
obtain air–sea gas exchange rates, in: Gas transfer at water surfaces,
edited by: Brutsaert, W. and Jirka, G. H., 447–457, Reidel, Hingham, MA,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1660-4_41, 1984.
a
Rutgersson, A., Norman, M., Schneider, B., Pettersson, H., and Sahlée, E.:
The annual cycle of carbon-dioxide and parameters influencing the air-sea
carbon exchange in the Baltic Proper, J. Marine Syst., 74, 381–394,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.02.005, 2008.
a,
b,
c,
d
Rutgersson, A., Smedman, A., and Sahlée, E.: Oceanic convective mixing and
the
impact on air-sea gas transfer velocity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02602,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045581, 2011.
a
Sabbaghzadeh, B., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., Beale, R., Pereira, R., and
Nightingale, P. D.: The Atlantic Ocean surface microlayer from 50
∘N to 50
∘S is
ubiquitously enriched in surfactants at wind speeds up to 13 m s
−1,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 2852–2858,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072988,
2017GL072988, 2017.
a,
b
Salter, M., Upstill-Goddard, R., Nightingale, P., Archer, S., Blomquist, B.,
Ho, D., Huebert, B., Schlosser, P., and Yang, M.: Impact of an artificial
surfactant release on air-sea gas fluxes during Deep Ocean Gas
Exchange Experiment II, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C11016,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007023, 2011.
a,
b
Schimpf, U., Nagel, L., and Jähne, B.: The 2009 SOPRAN active thermography
pilot experiment in the Baltic Sea, in: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces 2010,
edited by: Komori, S., McGillis, W., and Kurose, R., Kyoto Univ. Press, Kyoto, Japan, 358–367,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14956, 2011.
a,
b,
c
Schmidt, R.: Cruise Report of
Alkor Cruise 336, available at:
https://www2.bsh.de/aktdat/dod/fahrtergebnis/2009/20100107.htm
(last access: 4 March 2019), 2009. a
Schneider, B.: Cruise Report of
Alkor Cruise 356, available at:
https://www2.bsh.de/aktdat/dod/fahrtergebnis/2010/20110109.htm
(last access: 4 March 2019), 2010. a
Toba, Y. and Koga, M.: A parameter describing overall conditions of wave
breaking, whitecapping, sea-spray production, and wind stress, in: Oceanic
Whitecaps and Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes, 37–47, D. Reidel
Publishing Company, Springer, Dordrecht,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4668-2_4, 1986.
a
Wanninkhof, R., Asher, W. E., Ho, D. T., Sweeney, C., and McGillis, W. R.:
Advances in quantifying air-sea gas exchange and environmental forcing, Annu.
Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 213–244,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163742,
2009.
a
Weiss, A., Kuss, J., Peters, G., and Schneider, B.: Evaluating transfer
velocity-wind speed relationship using a long-term series of direct eddy
correlation
CO2 flux measurements, J. Marine Syst., 66, 130–139,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.04.011, 2007.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
Woolf, D., Leifer, I., Nightingale, P., Rhee, T., Bowyer, P., Caulliez, G.,
de Leeuw, G., Larsen, S., Liddicoat, M., Baker, J., and Andreae, M.:
Modelling of bubble-mediated gas transfer: Fundamental principles and a
laboratory test, J. Marine Syst., 66, 71–91,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.02.011, 2007.
a
Wurl, O., Miller, L., and Vagle, S.: Production and fate of transparent
exopolymer particles in the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00H13,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007342, 2011.
a
Zappa, C., Ho, D., McGillis, W., Banner, M., Dacey, J. W. H., Bliven, L., Ma,
B., and Nystuen, J.: Rain-induced turbulence and air-sea gas transfer, J.
Geophys. Res., 114, C07009,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005008, 2009.
a
Zappa, C. J., Asher, W. E., Jessup, A. T., Klinke, J., and Long, S. R.:
Microbreaking and the enhancement of air-water transfer velocity, J. Geophys.
Res., 109, C08S16,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001897, 2004.
a
Zhao, D., Toba, Y., Suzuki, Y., and Komori, S.: Effect of wind waves on air-sea
gas exchange: proposal of an overall
CO2 transfer velocity formula as a
function of breaking-wave parameter, Tellus, 55B, 478–487,
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00055.x, 2003.
a,
b
