Articles | Volume 15, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1159-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1159-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
CO2 effects on diatoms: a synthesis of more than a decade of ocean acidification experiments with natural communities
Lennart Thomas Bach
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania,
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Jan Taucher
Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Related authors
Sebastian I. Cantarero, Edgart Flores, Harry Allbrook, Paulina Aguayo, Cristian A. Vargas, John E. Tamanaha, J. Bentley C. Scholz, Lennart T. Bach, Carolin R. Löscher, Ulf Riebesell, Balaji Rajagopalan, Nadia Dildar, and Julio Sepúlveda
Biogeosciences, 21, 3927–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores lipid remodeling in response to environmental stress, specifically how cell membrane chemistry changes. We focus on intact polar lipids in a phytoplankton community exposed to diverse stressors in a mesocosm experiment. The observed remodeling indicates acyl chain recycling for energy storage in intact polar lipids during stress, reallocating resources based on varying growth conditions. This understanding is essential to grasp the system's impact on cellular pools.
Lennart Thomas Bach, Aaron James Ferderer, Julie LaRoche, and Kai Georg Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3665–3676, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is an emerging marine CO2 removal method, but its environmental effects are insufficiently understood. The OAE Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) provides funding for a standardized and globally replicated microcosm experiment to study the effects of OAE on plankton communities. Here, we provide a detailed manual for the OAEPIIP experiment. We expect OAEPIIP to help build scientific consensus on the effects of OAE on plankton.
Charly A. Moras, Tyler Cyronak, Lennart T. Bach, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3463–3475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of mineral grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics for ocean alkalinity enhancement. Salinity did not affect the dissolution, but calcium carbonate formed earlier at lower salinities due to the lower magnesium and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Smaller grain sizes dissolved faster but calcium carbonate precipitated earlier, suggesting that medium grain sizes are optimal for kinetics.
Aaron Ferderer, Kai G. Schulz, Ulf Riebesell, Kirralee G. Baker, Zanna Chase, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2777–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a promising method of atmospheric carbon removal; however, its ecological impacts remain largely unknown. We assessed the effects of simulated silicate- and calcium-based mineral OAE on diatom silicification. We found that increased silicate concentrations from silicate-based OAE increased diatom silicification. In contrast, the enhancement of alkalinity had no effect on community silicification and minimal effects on the silicification of different genera.
Jiaying A. Guo, Robert F. Strzepek, Kerrie M. Swadling, Ashley T. Townsend, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2335–2354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement aims to increase atmospheric CO2 sequestration by adding alkaline materials to the ocean. We assessed the environmental effects of olivine and steel slag powder on coastal plankton. Overall, slag is more efficient than olivine in releasing total alkalinity and, thus, in its ability to sequester CO2. Slag also had less environmental effect on the enclosed plankton communities when considering its higher CO2 removal potential based on this 3-week experiment.
Lennart Thomas Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a widely considered marine carbon dioxide removal method. OAE aims to accelerate chemical rock weathering, which is a natural process that slowly sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide. This study shows that the addition of anthropogenic alkalinity via OAE can reduce the natural release of alkalinity and, therefore, reduce the efficiency of OAE for climate mitigation. However, the additionality problem could be mitigated via a variety of activities.
David T. Ho, Laurent Bopp, Jaime B. Palter, Matthew C. Long, Philip W. Boyd, Griet Neukermans, and Lennart T. Bach
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 12, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) refers to the multistep process to quantify the amount of carbon dioxide removed by a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) activity. Here, we make recommendations for MRV for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) research, arguing that it has an obligation for comprehensiveness, reproducibility, and transparency, as it may become the foundation for assessing large-scale deployment. Both observations and numerical simulations will be needed for MRV.
Tyler Cyronak, Rebecca Albright, and Lennart T. Bach
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 7, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-7-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-7-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approach. Publicly funded research projects have begun, and philanthropic funding and start-ups are collectively pushing the field forward. This rapid progress in research activities has created an urgent need to learn if and how OAE can work at scale. This chapter of the Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research focuses on field experiments.
Kai G. Schulz, Lennart T. Bach, and Andrew G. Dickson
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a promising approach for long-term anthropogenic carbon dioxide sequestration, required to avoid catastrophic climate change. In this chapter we describe its impacts on seawater carbonate chemistry speciation and highlight pitfalls that need to be avoided during sampling, storage, measurements, and calculations.
Andreas Oschlies, Lennart T. Bach, Rosalind E. M. Rickaby, Terre Satterfield, Romany Webb, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Reaching promised climate targets will require the deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Marine CDR options receive more and more interest. Based on idealized theoretical studies, ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) appears as a promising marine CDR method. We provide an overview on the current situation of developing OAE as a marine CDR method and describe the history that has led to the creation of the OAE research best practice guide.
Moritz Baumann, Allanah Joy Paul, Jan Taucher, Lennart Thomas Bach, Silvan Goldenberg, Paul Stange, Fabrizio Minutolo, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 2595–2612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2595-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2595-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The sinking velocity of marine particles affects how much atmospheric CO2 is stored inside our oceans. We measured particle sinking velocities in the Peruvian upwelling system and assessed their physical and biochemical drivers. We found that sinking velocity was mainly influenced by particle size and porosity, while ballasting minerals played only a minor role. Our findings help us to better understand the particle sinking dynamics in this highly productive marine system.
Kristian Spilling, Jonna Piiparinen, Eric P. Achterberg, Javier Arístegui, Lennart T. Bach, Maria T. Camarena-Gómez, Elisabeth von der Esch, Martin A. Fischer, Markel Gómez-Letona, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Judith Meyer, Ruth A. Schmitz, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 1605–1619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1605-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1605-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We carried out an enclosure experiment using surface water off Peru with different additions of oxygen minimum zone water. In this paper, we report on enzyme activity and provide data on the decomposition of organic matter. We found very high activity with respect to an enzyme breaking down protein, suggesting that this is important for nutrient recycling both at present and in the future ocean.
Allanah Joy Paul, Lennart Thomas Bach, Javier Arístegui, Elisabeth von der Esch, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Jonna Piiparinen, Laura Ramajo, Kristian Spilling, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 19, 5911–5926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how different deep water chemistry and biology modulate the response of surface phytoplankton communities to upwelling in the Peruvian coastal zone. Our results show that the most influential drivers were the ratio of inorganic nutrients (N : P) and the microbial community present in upwelling source water. These led to unexpected and variable development in the phytoplankton assemblage that could not be predicted by the amount of inorganic nutrients alone.
Aaron Ferderer, Zanna Chase, Fraser Kennedy, Kai G. Schulz, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 19, 5375–5399, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5375-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5375-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement has the capacity to remove vast quantities of carbon from the atmosphere, but its effect on marine ecosystems is largely unknown. We assessed the effect of increased alkalinity on a coastal phytoplankton community when seawater was equilibrated and not equilibrated with atmospheric CO2. We found that the phytoplankton community was moderately affected by increased alkalinity and equilibration with atmospheric CO2 had little influence on this effect.
Jiaying Abby Guo, Robert Strzepek, Anusuya Willis, Aaron Ferderer, and Lennart Thomas Bach
Biogeosciences, 19, 3683–3697, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3683-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3683-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a CO2 removal method with significant potential, but it can lead to a perturbation of the ocean with trace metals such as nickel. This study tested the effect of increasing nickel concentrations on phytoplankton growth and photosynthesis. We found that the response to nickel varied across the 11 phytoplankton species tested here, but the majority were rather insensitive. We note, however, that responses may be different under other experimental conditions.
Charly A. Moras, Lennart T. Bach, Tyler Cyronak, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 19, 3537–3557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents the first laboratory results of quick and hydrated lime dissolution in natural seawater. These two minerals are of great interest for ocean alkalinity enhancement, a strategy aiming to decrease atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Following the dissolution of these minerals, we identified several hurdles and presented ways to avoid them or completely negate them. Finally, we proceeded to various simulations in today’s oceans to implement the strategy at its highest potential.
Shao-Min Chen, Ulf Riebesell, Kai G. Schulz, Elisabeth von der Esch, Eric P. Achterberg, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 19, 295–312, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-295-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-295-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen minimum zones in the ocean are characterized by enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and are being further acidified by increasing anthropogenic atmospheric CO2. Here we report CO2 system measurements in a mesocosm study offshore Peru during a rare coastal El Niño event to investigate how CO2 dynamics may respond to ongoing ocean deoxygenation. Our observations show that nitrogen limitation, productivity, and plankton community shift play an important role in driving the CO2 dynamics.
Kai G. Schulz, Eric P. Achterberg, Javier Arístegui, Lennart T. Bach, Isabel Baños, Tim Boxhammer, Dirk Erler, Maricarmen Igarza, Verena Kalter, Andrea Ludwig, Carolin Löscher, Jana Meyer, Judith Meyer, Fabrizio Minutolo, Elisabeth von der Esch, Bess B. Ward, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 18, 4305–4320, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters to the surface make eastern boundary upwelling systems hot spots of marine productivity. This leads to subsurface oxygen depletion and the transformation of bioavailable nitrogen into inert N2. Here we quantify nitrogen loss processes following a simulated deep water upwelling. Denitrification was the dominant process, and budget calculations suggest that a significant portion of nitrogen that could be exported to depth is already lost in the surface ocean.
Lennart Thomas Bach, Allanah Joy Paul, Tim Boxhammer, Elisabeth von der Esch, Michelle Graco, Kai Georg Schulz, Eric Achterberg, Paulina Aguayo, Javier Arístegui, Patrizia Ayón, Isabel Baños, Avy Bernales, Anne Sophie Boegeholz, Francisco Chavez, Gabriela Chavez, Shao-Min Chen, Kristin Doering, Alba Filella, Martin Fischer, Patricia Grasse, Mathias Haunost, Jan Hennke, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Mark Hopwood, Maricarmen Igarza, Verena Kalter, Leila Kittu, Peter Kohnert, Jesus Ledesma, Christian Lieberum, Silke Lischka, Carolin Löscher, Andrea Ludwig, Ursula Mendoza, Jana Meyer, Judith Meyer, Fabrizio Minutolo, Joaquin Ortiz Cortes, Jonna Piiparinen, Claudia Sforna, Kristian Spilling, Sonia Sanchez, Carsten Spisla, Michael Sswat, Mabel Zavala Moreira, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 17, 4831–4852, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4831-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4831-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The eastern boundary upwelling system off Peru is among Earth's most productive ocean ecosystems, but the factors that control its functioning are poorly constrained. Here we used mesocosms, moored ~ 6 km offshore Peru, to investigate how processes in plankton communities drive key biogeochemical processes. We show that nutrient and light co-limitation keep productivity and export at a remarkably constant level while stoichiometry changes strongly with shifts in plankton community structure.
Giulia Faucher, Ulf Riebesell, and Lennart Thomas Bach
Clim. Past, 16, 1007–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1007-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1007-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We designed five experiments choosing different coccolithophore species that have been evolutionarily distinct for millions of years. If all species showed the same morphological response to an environmental driver, this could be indicative of a response pattern that is conserved over geological timescales. We found an increase in the percentage of malformed coccoliths under altered CO2, providing evidence that this response could be used as paleo-proxy for episodes of acute CO2 perturbations.
Mark J. Hopwood, Nicolas Sanchez, Despo Polyviou, Øystein Leiknes, Julián Alberto Gallego-Urrea, Eric P. Achterberg, Murat V. Ardelan, Javier Aristegui, Lennart Bach, Sengul Besiktepe, Yohann Heriot, Ioanna Kalantzi, Tuba Terbıyık Kurt, Ioulia Santi, Tatiana M. Tsagaraki, and David Turner
Biogeosciences, 17, 1309–1326, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1309-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1309-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is formed naturally in sunlight-exposed water by photochemistry. At high concentrations it is undesirable to biological cells because it is a stressor. Here, across a range of incubation experiments in diverse marine environments (Gran Canaria, the Mediterranean, Patagonia and Svalbard), we determine that two factors consistently affect the H2O2 concentrations irrespective of geographical location: bacteria abundance and experiment design.
Yong Zhang, Lennart T. Bach, Kai T. Lohbeck, Kai G. Schulz, Luisa Listmann, Regina Klapper, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 15, 3691–3701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3691-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3691-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To compare variations in physiological responses to pCO2 between populations, we measured growth, POC and PIC production rates at a pCO2 range from 120 to 2630 µatm for 17 strains of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi from the Azores, Canary Islands, and Norwegian coast near Bergen. Optimal pCO2 for growth and POC production rates and tolerance to low pH was significantly higher for the Bergen population than the Azores and Canary Islands populations.
Giulia Faucher, Linn Hoffmann, Lennart T. Bach, Cinzia Bottini, Elisabetta Erba, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 14, 3603–3613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3603-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3603-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The main goal of this study was to understand if, similarly to the fossil record, high quantities of toxic metals induce coccolith dwarfism in coccolithophore species. We investigated, for the first time, the effects of trace metals on coccolithophore species other than E. huxleyi and on coccolith morphology and size. Our data show a species-specific sensitivity to trace metal concentration, allowing the recognition of the most-, intermediate- and least-tolerant taxa to trace metal enrichments.
Silke Lischka, Lennart T. Bach, Kai-Georg Schulz, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 14, 447–466, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-447-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-447-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a large-scale field experiment using 55 m3 floating containers (mesocosms) to investigate consequences of near-future projected CO2 elevations (ocean acidification) on a Baltic Sea plankton community in Storfjärden (Finland). The focus of our study was on single- and multicelled small-sized organisms dwelling in the water column. Our results suggest that increasing CO2 concentrations may change the species composition and promote specific food web interactions.
Thomas Hornick, Lennart T. Bach, Katharine J. Crawfurd, Kristian Spilling, Eric P. Achterberg, Jason N. Woodhouse, Kai G. Schulz, Corina P. D. Brussaard, Ulf Riebesell, and Hans-Peter Grossart
Biogeosciences, 14, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1-2017, 2017
Juntian Xu, Lennart T. Bach, Kai G. Schulz, Wenyan Zhao, Kunshan Gao, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 13, 4637–4643, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4637-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4637-2016, 2016
Alison L. Webb, Emma Leedham-Elvidge, Claire Hughes, Frances E. Hopkins, Gill Malin, Lennart T. Bach, Kai Schulz, Kate Crawfurd, Corina P. D. Brussaard, Annegret Stuhr, Ulf Riebesell, and Peter S. Liss
Biogeosciences, 13, 4595–4613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4595-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4595-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents concentrations of several trace gases produced by the Baltic Sea phytoplankton community during a mesocosm experiment with five different CO2 levels. Average concentrations of dimethylsulphide were lower in the highest CO2 mesocosms over a 6-week period, corresponding to previous mesocosm experiment results. No dimethylsulfoniopropionate was detected due to a methodological issue. Concentrations of iodine- and bromine-containing halocarbons were unaffected by increasing CO2.
Allanah J. Paul, Eric P. Achterberg, Lennart T. Bach, Tim Boxhammer, Jan Czerny, Mathias Haunost, Kai-Georg Schulz, Annegret Stuhr, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 13, 3901–3913, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3901-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3901-2016, 2016
Monika Nausch, Lennart Thomas Bach, Jan Czerny, Josephine Goldstein, Hans-Peter Grossart, Dana Hellemann, Thomas Hornick, Eric Pieter Achterberg, Kai-Georg Schulz, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 13, 3035–3050, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3035-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3035-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Studies investigating the effect of increasing CO2 levels on the phosphorus cycle in natural waters are lacking although phosphorus often controls phytoplankton development in aquatic systems. The aim of our study was to analyse effects of elevated CO2 levels on phosphorus pool sizes and uptake. Therefore, we conducted a CO2-manipulation mesocosm experiment in the Storfjärden (western Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) in summer 2012. We compared the phosphorus dynamics in different mesocosm treatment
Tim Boxhammer, Lennart T. Bach, Jan Czerny, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 13, 2849–2858, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2849-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2849-2016, 2016
Anna-Karin Almén, Anu Vehmaa, Andreas Brutemark, Lennart Bach, Silke Lischka, Annegret Stuhr, Sara Furuhagen, Allanah Paul, J. Rafael Bermúdez, Ulf Riebesell, and Jonna Engström-Öst
Biogeosciences, 13, 1037–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1037-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1037-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the aquatic crustacean Eurytemora affinis and measured offspring production in relation to pH, chlorophyll, algae, fatty acids, and oxidative stress. No effects on offspring production or pH effects via food were found. E. affinis seems robust against OA on a physiological level and did probably not face acute pH stress in the treatments, as the species naturally face large pH fluctuations.
A. J. Paul, L. T. Bach, K.-G. Schulz, T. Boxhammer, J. Czerny, E. P. Achterberg, D. Hellemann, Y. Trense, M. Nausch, M. Sswat, and U. Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 12, 6181–6203, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6181-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6181-2015, 2015
T. Larsen, L. T. Bach, R. Salvatteci, Y. V. Wang, N. Andersen, M. Ventura, and M. D. McCarthy
Biogeosciences, 12, 4979–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4979-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4979-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A tiny fraction of marine algae escapes decomposition and is buried in sediments. Since tools are needed to track the fate of algal organic carbon, we tested whether naturally occurring isotope variability among amino acids from algae and bacteria can be used as source diagnostic fingerprints. We found that isotope fingerprints track algal amino acid sources with high fidelity across different growth conditions, and that the fingerprints can be used to quantify bacterial amino acids in sediment.
L. T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 12, 4939–4951, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4939-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4939-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Calcification by marine organisms reacts to changing seawater carbonate chemistry, but it is unclear which components of the carbonate system drive the observed response. This study uncovers proportionalities between different carbonate chemistry parameters. These enable us to understand why calcification often correlates well with carbonate ion concentration, and they imply that net CaCO3 formation in high latitudes is not more vulnerable to ocean acidification than formation in low latitudes.
Sebastian I. Cantarero, Edgart Flores, Harry Allbrook, Paulina Aguayo, Cristian A. Vargas, John E. Tamanaha, J. Bentley C. Scholz, Lennart T. Bach, Carolin R. Löscher, Ulf Riebesell, Balaji Rajagopalan, Nadia Dildar, and Julio Sepúlveda
Biogeosciences, 21, 3927–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores lipid remodeling in response to environmental stress, specifically how cell membrane chemistry changes. We focus on intact polar lipids in a phytoplankton community exposed to diverse stressors in a mesocosm experiment. The observed remodeling indicates acyl chain recycling for energy storage in intact polar lipids during stress, reallocating resources based on varying growth conditions. This understanding is essential to grasp the system's impact on cellular pools.
Lennart Thomas Bach, Aaron James Ferderer, Julie LaRoche, and Kai Georg Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3665–3676, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is an emerging marine CO2 removal method, but its environmental effects are insufficiently understood. The OAE Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) provides funding for a standardized and globally replicated microcosm experiment to study the effects of OAE on plankton communities. Here, we provide a detailed manual for the OAEPIIP experiment. We expect OAEPIIP to help build scientific consensus on the effects of OAE on plankton.
Charly A. Moras, Tyler Cyronak, Lennart T. Bach, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3463–3475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of mineral grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics for ocean alkalinity enhancement. Salinity did not affect the dissolution, but calcium carbonate formed earlier at lower salinities due to the lower magnesium and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Smaller grain sizes dissolved faster but calcium carbonate precipitated earlier, suggesting that medium grain sizes are optimal for kinetics.
Mathilde Dugenne, Marco Corrales-Ugalde, Jessica Y. Luo, Rainer Kiko, Todd D. O'Brien, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Fabien Lombard, Lars Stemmann, Charles Stock, Clarissa R. Anderson, Marcel Babin, Nagib Bhairy, Sophie Bonnet, Francois Carlotti, Astrid Cornils, E. Taylor Crockford, Patrick Daniel, Corinne Desnos, Laetitia Drago, Amanda Elineau, Alexis Fischer, Nina Grandrémy, Pierre-Luc Grondin, Lionel Guidi, Cecile Guieu, Helena Hauss, Kendra Hayashi, Jenny A. Huggett, Laetitia Jalabert, Lee Karp-Boss, Kasia M. Kenitz, Raphael M. Kudela, Magali Lescot, Claudie Marec, Andrew McDonnell, Zoe Mériguet, Barbara Niehoff, Margaux Noyon, Thelma Panaïotis, Emily Peacock, Marc Picheral, Emilie Riquier, Collin Roesler, Jean-Baptiste Romagnan, Heidi M. Sosik, Gretchen Spencer, Jan Taucher, Chloé Tilliette, and Marion Vilain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2971–2999, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Plankton and particles influence carbon cycling and energy flow in marine ecosystems. We used three types of novel plankton imaging systems to obtain size measurements from a range of plankton and particle sizes and across all major oceans. Data were compiled and cross-calibrated from many thousands of images, showing seasonal and spatial changes in particle size structure in different ocean basins. These datasets form the first release of the Pelagic Size Structure database (PSSdb).
Aaron Ferderer, Kai G. Schulz, Ulf Riebesell, Kirralee G. Baker, Zanna Chase, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2777–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a promising method of atmospheric carbon removal; however, its ecological impacts remain largely unknown. We assessed the effects of simulated silicate- and calcium-based mineral OAE on diatom silicification. We found that increased silicate concentrations from silicate-based OAE increased diatom silicification. In contrast, the enhancement of alkalinity had no effect on community silicification and minimal effects on the silicification of different genera.
Jiaying A. Guo, Robert F. Strzepek, Kerrie M. Swadling, Ashley T. Townsend, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2335–2354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement aims to increase atmospheric CO2 sequestration by adding alkaline materials to the ocean. We assessed the environmental effects of olivine and steel slag powder on coastal plankton. Overall, slag is more efficient than olivine in releasing total alkalinity and, thus, in its ability to sequester CO2. Slag also had less environmental effect on the enclosed plankton communities when considering its higher CO2 removal potential based on this 3-week experiment.
Lennart Thomas Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a widely considered marine carbon dioxide removal method. OAE aims to accelerate chemical rock weathering, which is a natural process that slowly sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide. This study shows that the addition of anthropogenic alkalinity via OAE can reduce the natural release of alkalinity and, therefore, reduce the efficiency of OAE for climate mitigation. However, the additionality problem could be mitigated via a variety of activities.
Philipp Suessle, Jan Taucher, Silvan Goldenberg, Moritz Baumann, Kristian Spilling, Andrea Noche-Ferreira, Mari Vanharanta, and Ulf Riebesell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2800, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2800, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a negative emission technology which may alter marine communities and the particle export they drive. Here, impacts of carbonate-based OAE on the flux and attenuation of sinking particles in an oligotrophic plankton community are presented. Whilst biological parameters remained unaffected, abiotic carbonate precipitation occurred. Among counteracting OAE’s efficiency, it influenced mineral ballasting and particle sinking velocities, requiring monitoring.
David T. Ho, Laurent Bopp, Jaime B. Palter, Matthew C. Long, Philip W. Boyd, Griet Neukermans, and Lennart T. Bach
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 12, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) refers to the multistep process to quantify the amount of carbon dioxide removed by a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) activity. Here, we make recommendations for MRV for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) research, arguing that it has an obligation for comprehensiveness, reproducibility, and transparency, as it may become the foundation for assessing large-scale deployment. Both observations and numerical simulations will be needed for MRV.
Tyler Cyronak, Rebecca Albright, and Lennart T. Bach
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 7, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-7-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-7-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approach. Publicly funded research projects have begun, and philanthropic funding and start-ups are collectively pushing the field forward. This rapid progress in research activities has created an urgent need to learn if and how OAE can work at scale. This chapter of the Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research focuses on field experiments.
Kai G. Schulz, Lennart T. Bach, and Andrew G. Dickson
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a promising approach for long-term anthropogenic carbon dioxide sequestration, required to avoid catastrophic climate change. In this chapter we describe its impacts on seawater carbonate chemistry speciation and highlight pitfalls that need to be avoided during sampling, storage, measurements, and calculations.
Andreas Oschlies, Lennart T. Bach, Rosalind E. M. Rickaby, Terre Satterfield, Romany Webb, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Reaching promised climate targets will require the deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Marine CDR options receive more and more interest. Based on idealized theoretical studies, ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) appears as a promising marine CDR method. We provide an overview on the current situation of developing OAE as a marine CDR method and describe the history that has led to the creation of the OAE research best practice guide.
Moritz Baumann, Allanah Joy Paul, Jan Taucher, Lennart Thomas Bach, Silvan Goldenberg, Paul Stange, Fabrizio Minutolo, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 2595–2612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2595-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2595-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The sinking velocity of marine particles affects how much atmospheric CO2 is stored inside our oceans. We measured particle sinking velocities in the Peruvian upwelling system and assessed their physical and biochemical drivers. We found that sinking velocity was mainly influenced by particle size and porosity, while ballasting minerals played only a minor role. Our findings help us to better understand the particle sinking dynamics in this highly productive marine system.
Kristian Spilling, Jonna Piiparinen, Eric P. Achterberg, Javier Arístegui, Lennart T. Bach, Maria T. Camarena-Gómez, Elisabeth von der Esch, Martin A. Fischer, Markel Gómez-Letona, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Judith Meyer, Ruth A. Schmitz, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 1605–1619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1605-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1605-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We carried out an enclosure experiment using surface water off Peru with different additions of oxygen minimum zone water. In this paper, we report on enzyme activity and provide data on the decomposition of organic matter. We found very high activity with respect to an enzyme breaking down protein, suggesting that this is important for nutrient recycling both at present and in the future ocean.
Patricia Ayón Dejo, Elda Luz Pinedo Arteaga, Anna Schukat, Jan Taucher, Rainer Kiko, Helena Hauss, Sabrina Dorschner, Wilhelm Hagen, Mariona Segura-Noguera, and Silke Lischka
Biogeosciences, 20, 945–969, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-945-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-945-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean upwelling regions are highly productive. With ocean warming, severe changes in upwelling frequency and/or intensity and expansion of accompanying oxygen minimum zones are projected. In a field experiment off Peru, we investigated how different upwelling intensities affect the pelagic food web and found failed reproduction of dominant zooplankton. The changes projected could severely impact the reproductive success of zooplankton communities and the pelagic food web in upwelling regions.
Jens Hartmann, Niels Suitner, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Phil Renforth, Jan Taucher, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be created via dissolution of alkaline materials, like limestone or soda. Presented research studies boundaries for increasing alkalinity in seawater. The best way to increase alkalinity was found using an equilibrated solution, for example as produced from reactors. Adding particles for dissolution into seawater on the other hand produces the risk of losing alkalinity and degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Allanah Joy Paul, Lennart Thomas Bach, Javier Arístegui, Elisabeth von der Esch, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Jonna Piiparinen, Laura Ramajo, Kristian Spilling, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 19, 5911–5926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how different deep water chemistry and biology modulate the response of surface phytoplankton communities to upwelling in the Peruvian coastal zone. Our results show that the most influential drivers were the ratio of inorganic nutrients (N : P) and the microbial community present in upwelling source water. These led to unexpected and variable development in the phytoplankton assemblage that could not be predicted by the amount of inorganic nutrients alone.
Aaron Ferderer, Zanna Chase, Fraser Kennedy, Kai G. Schulz, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 19, 5375–5399, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5375-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5375-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement has the capacity to remove vast quantities of carbon from the atmosphere, but its effect on marine ecosystems is largely unknown. We assessed the effect of increased alkalinity on a coastal phytoplankton community when seawater was equilibrated and not equilibrated with atmospheric CO2. We found that the phytoplankton community was moderately affected by increased alkalinity and equilibration with atmospheric CO2 had little influence on this effect.
Rainer Kiko, Marc Picheral, David Antoine, Marcel Babin, Léo Berline, Tristan Biard, Emmanuel Boss, Peter Brandt, Francois Carlotti, Svenja Christiansen, Laurent Coppola, Leandro de la Cruz, Emilie Diamond-Riquier, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Amanda Elineau, Gabriel Gorsky, Lionel Guidi, Helena Hauss, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Lee Karp-Boss, Johannes Karstensen, Dong-gyun Kim, Rachel M. Lekanoff, Fabien Lombard, Rubens M. Lopes, Claudie Marec, Andrew M. P. McDonnell, Daniela Niemeyer, Margaux Noyon, Stephanie H. O'Daly, Mark D. Ohman, Jessica L. Pretty, Andreas Rogge, Sarah Searson, Masashi Shibata, Yuji Tanaka, Toste Tanhua, Jan Taucher, Emilia Trudnowska, Jessica S. Turner, Anya Waite, and Lars Stemmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4315–4337, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The term
marine particlescomprises detrital aggregates; fecal pellets; bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton; and even fish. Here, we present a global dataset that contains 8805 vertical particle size distribution profiles obtained with Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5) camera systems. These data are valuable to the scientific community, as they can be used to constrain important biogeochemical processes in the ocean, such as the flux of carbon to the deep sea.
Jiaying Abby Guo, Robert Strzepek, Anusuya Willis, Aaron Ferderer, and Lennart Thomas Bach
Biogeosciences, 19, 3683–3697, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3683-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3683-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a CO2 removal method with significant potential, but it can lead to a perturbation of the ocean with trace metals such as nickel. This study tested the effect of increasing nickel concentrations on phytoplankton growth and photosynthesis. We found that the response to nickel varied across the 11 phytoplankton species tested here, but the majority were rather insensitive. We note, however, that responses may be different under other experimental conditions.
Charly A. Moras, Lennart T. Bach, Tyler Cyronak, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 19, 3537–3557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents the first laboratory results of quick and hydrated lime dissolution in natural seawater. These two minerals are of great interest for ocean alkalinity enhancement, a strategy aiming to decrease atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Following the dissolution of these minerals, we identified several hurdles and presented ways to avoid them or completely negate them. Finally, we proceeded to various simulations in today’s oceans to implement the strategy at its highest potential.
Shao-Min Chen, Ulf Riebesell, Kai G. Schulz, Elisabeth von der Esch, Eric P. Achterberg, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 19, 295–312, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-295-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-295-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen minimum zones in the ocean are characterized by enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and are being further acidified by increasing anthropogenic atmospheric CO2. Here we report CO2 system measurements in a mesocosm study offshore Peru during a rare coastal El Niño event to investigate how CO2 dynamics may respond to ongoing ocean deoxygenation. Our observations show that nitrogen limitation, productivity, and plankton community shift play an important role in driving the CO2 dynamics.
Kai G. Schulz, Eric P. Achterberg, Javier Arístegui, Lennart T. Bach, Isabel Baños, Tim Boxhammer, Dirk Erler, Maricarmen Igarza, Verena Kalter, Andrea Ludwig, Carolin Löscher, Jana Meyer, Judith Meyer, Fabrizio Minutolo, Elisabeth von der Esch, Bess B. Ward, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 18, 4305–4320, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters to the surface make eastern boundary upwelling systems hot spots of marine productivity. This leads to subsurface oxygen depletion and the transformation of bioavailable nitrogen into inert N2. Here we quantify nitrogen loss processes following a simulated deep water upwelling. Denitrification was the dominant process, and budget calculations suggest that a significant portion of nitrogen that could be exported to depth is already lost in the surface ocean.
Lennart Thomas Bach, Allanah Joy Paul, Tim Boxhammer, Elisabeth von der Esch, Michelle Graco, Kai Georg Schulz, Eric Achterberg, Paulina Aguayo, Javier Arístegui, Patrizia Ayón, Isabel Baños, Avy Bernales, Anne Sophie Boegeholz, Francisco Chavez, Gabriela Chavez, Shao-Min Chen, Kristin Doering, Alba Filella, Martin Fischer, Patricia Grasse, Mathias Haunost, Jan Hennke, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Mark Hopwood, Maricarmen Igarza, Verena Kalter, Leila Kittu, Peter Kohnert, Jesus Ledesma, Christian Lieberum, Silke Lischka, Carolin Löscher, Andrea Ludwig, Ursula Mendoza, Jana Meyer, Judith Meyer, Fabrizio Minutolo, Joaquin Ortiz Cortes, Jonna Piiparinen, Claudia Sforna, Kristian Spilling, Sonia Sanchez, Carsten Spisla, Michael Sswat, Mabel Zavala Moreira, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 17, 4831–4852, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4831-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4831-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The eastern boundary upwelling system off Peru is among Earth's most productive ocean ecosystems, but the factors that control its functioning are poorly constrained. Here we used mesocosms, moored ~ 6 km offshore Peru, to investigate how processes in plankton communities drive key biogeochemical processes. We show that nutrient and light co-limitation keep productivity and export at a remarkably constant level while stoichiometry changes strongly with shifts in plankton community structure.
Giulia Faucher, Ulf Riebesell, and Lennart Thomas Bach
Clim. Past, 16, 1007–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1007-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1007-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We designed five experiments choosing different coccolithophore species that have been evolutionarily distinct for millions of years. If all species showed the same morphological response to an environmental driver, this could be indicative of a response pattern that is conserved over geological timescales. We found an increase in the percentage of malformed coccoliths under altered CO2, providing evidence that this response could be used as paleo-proxy for episodes of acute CO2 perturbations.
Mark J. Hopwood, Nicolas Sanchez, Despo Polyviou, Øystein Leiknes, Julián Alberto Gallego-Urrea, Eric P. Achterberg, Murat V. Ardelan, Javier Aristegui, Lennart Bach, Sengul Besiktepe, Yohann Heriot, Ioanna Kalantzi, Tuba Terbıyık Kurt, Ioulia Santi, Tatiana M. Tsagaraki, and David Turner
Biogeosciences, 17, 1309–1326, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1309-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1309-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is formed naturally in sunlight-exposed water by photochemistry. At high concentrations it is undesirable to biological cells because it is a stressor. Here, across a range of incubation experiments in diverse marine environments (Gran Canaria, the Mediterranean, Patagonia and Svalbard), we determine that two factors consistently affect the H2O2 concentrations irrespective of geographical location: bacteria abundance and experiment design.
Yong Zhang, Lennart T. Bach, Kai T. Lohbeck, Kai G. Schulz, Luisa Listmann, Regina Klapper, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 15, 3691–3701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3691-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3691-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To compare variations in physiological responses to pCO2 between populations, we measured growth, POC and PIC production rates at a pCO2 range from 120 to 2630 µatm for 17 strains of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi from the Azores, Canary Islands, and Norwegian coast near Bergen. Optimal pCO2 for growth and POC production rates and tolerance to low pH was significantly higher for the Bergen population than the Azores and Canary Islands populations.
Giulia Faucher, Linn Hoffmann, Lennart T. Bach, Cinzia Bottini, Elisabetta Erba, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 14, 3603–3613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3603-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3603-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The main goal of this study was to understand if, similarly to the fossil record, high quantities of toxic metals induce coccolith dwarfism in coccolithophore species. We investigated, for the first time, the effects of trace metals on coccolithophore species other than E. huxleyi and on coccolith morphology and size. Our data show a species-specific sensitivity to trace metal concentration, allowing the recognition of the most-, intermediate- and least-tolerant taxa to trace metal enrichments.
Silke Lischka, Lennart T. Bach, Kai-Georg Schulz, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 14, 447–466, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-447-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-447-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a large-scale field experiment using 55 m3 floating containers (mesocosms) to investigate consequences of near-future projected CO2 elevations (ocean acidification) on a Baltic Sea plankton community in Storfjärden (Finland). The focus of our study was on single- and multicelled small-sized organisms dwelling in the water column. Our results suggest that increasing CO2 concentrations may change the species composition and promote specific food web interactions.
Thomas Hornick, Lennart T. Bach, Katharine J. Crawfurd, Kristian Spilling, Eric P. Achterberg, Jason N. Woodhouse, Kai G. Schulz, Corina P. D. Brussaard, Ulf Riebesell, and Hans-Peter Grossart
Biogeosciences, 14, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1-2017, 2017
Juntian Xu, Lennart T. Bach, Kai G. Schulz, Wenyan Zhao, Kunshan Gao, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 13, 4637–4643, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4637-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4637-2016, 2016
Alison L. Webb, Emma Leedham-Elvidge, Claire Hughes, Frances E. Hopkins, Gill Malin, Lennart T. Bach, Kai Schulz, Kate Crawfurd, Corina P. D. Brussaard, Annegret Stuhr, Ulf Riebesell, and Peter S. Liss
Biogeosciences, 13, 4595–4613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4595-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4595-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents concentrations of several trace gases produced by the Baltic Sea phytoplankton community during a mesocosm experiment with five different CO2 levels. Average concentrations of dimethylsulphide were lower in the highest CO2 mesocosms over a 6-week period, corresponding to previous mesocosm experiment results. No dimethylsulfoniopropionate was detected due to a methodological issue. Concentrations of iodine- and bromine-containing halocarbons were unaffected by increasing CO2.
Allanah J. Paul, Eric P. Achterberg, Lennart T. Bach, Tim Boxhammer, Jan Czerny, Mathias Haunost, Kai-Georg Schulz, Annegret Stuhr, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 13, 3901–3913, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3901-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3901-2016, 2016
Monika Nausch, Lennart Thomas Bach, Jan Czerny, Josephine Goldstein, Hans-Peter Grossart, Dana Hellemann, Thomas Hornick, Eric Pieter Achterberg, Kai-Georg Schulz, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 13, 3035–3050, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3035-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3035-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Studies investigating the effect of increasing CO2 levels on the phosphorus cycle in natural waters are lacking although phosphorus often controls phytoplankton development in aquatic systems. The aim of our study was to analyse effects of elevated CO2 levels on phosphorus pool sizes and uptake. Therefore, we conducted a CO2-manipulation mesocosm experiment in the Storfjärden (western Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) in summer 2012. We compared the phosphorus dynamics in different mesocosm treatment
Tim Boxhammer, Lennart T. Bach, Jan Czerny, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 13, 2849–2858, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2849-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2849-2016, 2016
Anna-Karin Almén, Anu Vehmaa, Andreas Brutemark, Lennart Bach, Silke Lischka, Annegret Stuhr, Sara Furuhagen, Allanah Paul, J. Rafael Bermúdez, Ulf Riebesell, and Jonna Engström-Öst
Biogeosciences, 13, 1037–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1037-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1037-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the aquatic crustacean Eurytemora affinis and measured offspring production in relation to pH, chlorophyll, algae, fatty acids, and oxidative stress. No effects on offspring production or pH effects via food were found. E. affinis seems robust against OA on a physiological level and did probably not face acute pH stress in the treatments, as the species naturally face large pH fluctuations.
A. J. Paul, L. T. Bach, K.-G. Schulz, T. Boxhammer, J. Czerny, E. P. Achterberg, D. Hellemann, Y. Trense, M. Nausch, M. Sswat, and U. Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 12, 6181–6203, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6181-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6181-2015, 2015
T. Larsen, L. T. Bach, R. Salvatteci, Y. V. Wang, N. Andersen, M. Ventura, and M. D. McCarthy
Biogeosciences, 12, 4979–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4979-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4979-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A tiny fraction of marine algae escapes decomposition and is buried in sediments. Since tools are needed to track the fate of algal organic carbon, we tested whether naturally occurring isotope variability among amino acids from algae and bacteria can be used as source diagnostic fingerprints. We found that isotope fingerprints track algal amino acid sources with high fidelity across different growth conditions, and that the fingerprints can be used to quantify bacterial amino acids in sediment.
L. T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 12, 4939–4951, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4939-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4939-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Calcification by marine organisms reacts to changing seawater carbonate chemistry, but it is unclear which components of the carbonate system drive the observed response. This study uncovers proportionalities between different carbonate chemistry parameters. These enable us to understand why calcification often correlates well with carbonate ion concentration, and they imply that net CaCO3 formation in high latitudes is not more vulnerable to ocean acidification than formation in low latitudes.
Cited articles
Alvarez-Fernandez, S., Bach, L. T., Taucher, J., Riebesell, U., Sommer, U.,
Aberle, N., Brussaard, C. P. D., and Boersma, M.: Plankton responses to ocean
acidification: The role of nutrient limitation, Prog. Oceanogr., 165,
11–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.04.006, 2018.
Armbrust, E. V.: The life of diatoms in the world's oceans, Nature,
459, 185–192, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08057, 2009.
Assmy, P., Smetacek, V., Montresor, M., Klaas, C., Henjes, J., Strass, V.
H., Arrieta, J. M., Bathmann, U., Berg, G. M., Breitbarth, E., Cisewski, B.,
Friedrichs, L., Fuchs, N., Herndl, G. J., Jansen, S., Kragefsky, S., Latasa,
M., Peeken, I., Rottgers, R., Scharek, R., Schuller, S. E., Steigenberger,
S., Webb, A., and Wolf-Gladrow, D.: Thick-shelled, grazer-protected diatoms
decouple ocean carbon and silicon cycles in the iron-limited Antarctic
Circumpolar Current, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 20633–20638,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1309345110, 2013.
Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J. G., Gray, J. S., Meyer-Reil, L. A., and
Thingstad, F.: The Ecological Role of Water-Column Microbes in the Sea, Mar.
Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 10, 257–263, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps010257, 1983.
Bach, L. T., Riebesell, U., and Schulz, K. G.: Distinguishing between the
effects of ocean acidification and ocean carbonation in the coccolithophore
Emiliania huxleyi, Limnol. Oceanogr., 56, 2040–2050,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.6.2040, 2011.
Bach, L. T., Riebesell, U., Gutowska, M. A., Federwisch, L., and Schulz, K.
G.: A unifying concept of coccolithophore sensitivity to changing carbonate
chemistry embedded in an ecological framework, Prog. Oceanogr., 135,
125–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.04.012, 2015.
Bach, L. T., Alvarez-Fernandez, S., Hornick, T., Stuhr, A., and Riebesell,
U.: Simulated ocean acidification reveals winners and losers in coastal
phytoplankton, PLoS One, 12, e0188198, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188198,
2017.
Bach, L. T., Hernández-hernández, N., Taucher, J., Spisla, C.,
Sforna, C., Riebesell, U., and Aristegui, J.: Effects of Elevated CO2 on a
Natural Diatom Community in the Subtropical NE Atlantic, Front. Mar. Sci.,
6, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00075, 2019.
Battarbee, R. W., Charles, D. F., Bigler, C., Cumming, B. F., and Renberg,
I.: Diatoms as indicators as surface-water acidity, in Diatoms: Applications
for the Environmental and Earth Sciences, edited by: Smol, J. P. and
Stoermer, E. F., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 98–121, 2010.
Biswas, H., Cros, A., Yadav, K., Ramana, V. V., Prasad, V. R., Acharyya, T., and Babu, P. V. R.: The response of a natural phytoplankton community from
the Godavari River Estuary to increasing CO2 concentration during the
pre-monsoon period, J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol., 407, 284–293,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.06.027, 2011.
Biswas, H., Shaik, A. U. R., Bandyopadhyay, D., and Chowdhury, N.: CO2 induced
growth response in a diatom dominated phytoplankton community from SW Bay of
Bengal coastal water, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 198, 29–42,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.07.022, 2017.
Boyd, P. and Newton, P.: Evidence of the potential influence of planktonic
community structure on the interannual variability of particulate organic
carbon flux, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 42, 619–639,
1995.
Boyd, P. W.: Diatom traits regulate Southern Ocean silica leakage, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 20358–20359, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320327110, 2013.
Boyd, P. W., Collins, S., Dupont, S., Fabricius, K., Gattuso, J. P.,
Havenhand, J., Hutchins, D. A., Riebesell, U., Rintoul, M. S., Vichi, M.,
Biswas, H., Ciotti, A., Gao, K., Gehlen, M., Hurd, C. L., Kurihara, H.,
Mcgraw, C. M., Navarro, J. M., Nilsson, G. E., Passow, U., and Pörtner,
H. O.: Experimental strategies to assess the biological ramifications of
multiple drivers of global ocean change-A review, Glob. Change Biol., 24,
2239–2261, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14102, 2018.
Brzezinski, M. A. and Nelson, D. M.: Chronic substrate limitation of silicic
acid uptake rates in the western Sargasso Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II., 43, 437–453, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(95)00099-2, 1996.
Burkhardt, S., Amoroso, G., Riebesell, U., and Sueltemeyer, D.: CO2 and uptake in marine diatoms acclimated to different CO2 concentrations, Limnol. Oceanogr.,
46, 1378–1391,
2001.
Calvo-Díaz, A., D́az-Pérez, L., Suárez, L. Á., Morán,
X. A. G., Teira, E., and Marañón, E.: Decrease in the
autotrophic-to-heterotrophic biomass ratio of picoplankton in oligotrophic
marine waters due to bottle enclosure, Appl. Environ. Microb., 77,
5739–5746, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00066-11, 2011.
Carpenter, S. R.: Microcosm Experiments Have Limited Relevance for Community
and Ecosystem Ecology, Ecology, 77, 667–680, 1996.
Cripps, G., Flynn, K. J., and Lindeque, P. K.: Ocean acidification affects
the phyto-zoo plankton trophic transfer efficiency, PLoS One, 11, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151739, 2016.
Davidson, A., McKinlay, J., Westwood, K., Thomson, P., van den Enden, R., de
Salas, M., Wright, S., Johnson, R., and Berry, K.: Enhanced CO2
concentrations change the structure of Antarctic marine microbial
communities, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 552, 93–113, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11742,
2016.
Domingues, R. B., Guerra, C. C., Galvao, H. M., Brotas, V., and Barbosa, A.
B.: Short-term interactive effects of ultraviolet radiation, carbon dioxide
and nutrient enrichment on phytoplankton in a shallow coastal lagoon, Aquat.
Ecol., 51, 91–105, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-016-9601-4, 2017.
Donahue, K., Klaas, C., Dillingham, P. W., and Hoffmann, L. J.: Combined
effects of ocean acidification and increased light intensity on natural
phytoplankton communities from two Southern Ocean water masses, J. Plankton
Res., 41, 30–45, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fby048, 2019.
Duarte, C. M., Gasol, J. M., and Vaqué, D.: Role of experimental
approaches in marine microbial ecology, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 13,
101–111, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame013101, 1997.
Duarte, C. M., Hendriks, I. E., Moore, T. S., Olsen, Y. S., Steckbauer, A.,
Ramajo, L., Carstensen, J., Trotter, J. A., and McCulloch, M.: Is Ocean
Acidification an Open-Ocean Syndrome? Understanding Anthropogenic Impacts on
Seawater pH, Estuar. Coast., 36, 221–236,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9594-3, 2013.
Dutkiewicz, S., Morris, J. J., Follows, M. J., Scott, J., Levitan, O.,
Dyhrman, S. T., and Berman-Frank, I.: Impact of ocean acidification on the
structure of future phytoplankton communities, Nat. Clim. Change, 5,
1002–1006, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2722, 2015.
Eggers, S. L., Lewandowska, A. M., Barcelos e Ramos, J., Blanco-Ameijeiras,
S., Gallo, F., and Matthiessen, B.: Community composition has greater impact
on the functioning of marine phytoplankton communities than ocean
acidification, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 713–723, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12421,
2014.
Endo, H., Yoshimura, T., Kataoka, T., and Suzuki, K.: Effects of CO2 and iron
availability on phytoplankton and eubacterial community compositions in the
northwest subarctic Pacific, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 439, 160–175,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.11.003, 2013.
Endo, H., Sugie, K., Yoshimura, T., and Suzuki, K.: Effects of CO2 and iron availability on rbcL gene expression in Bering Sea diatoms, Biogeosciences, 12, 2247–2259, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2247-2015, 2015.
Endo, H., Sugie, K., Yoshimura, T., and Suzuki, K.: Response of Spring
Diatoms to CO2 Availability in the Western North Pacific as Determined by
Next-Generation Sequencing, PLoS One, 11, e0154291,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154291, 2016.
Fabricius, K. E., Langdon, C., Uthicke, S., Humphrey, C., Noonan, S.,
De'ath, G., Okazaki, R., Muehllehner, N., Glas, M. S., and Lough, J. M.:
Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide
concentrations, Nat. Clim. Change, 1, 165–169, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1122,
2011.
Falkowski, P. G. and Raven, J. A.: Aquatic Photosynthesis, Princeton
University Press, Princeton, 2007.
Feng, Y., Hare, C. E., Leblanc, K., Rose, J. M., Zhang, Y., DiTullio, G. R.,
Lee, P. A., Wilhelm, S. W., Rowe, J. M., Sun, J., Nemcek, N., Gueguen, C.,
Passow, U., Benner, I., Brown, C., and Hutchins, D. A.: Effects of increased
pCO2 and temperature on the north atlantic spring bloom. I. The
phytoplankton community and biogeochemical response, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser.,
388, 13–25, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08133, 2009.
Feng, Y., Hare, C. E., Rose, J. M., Handy, S. M., DiTullio, G. R., Lee, P.
A., Smith, W. O., Peloquin, J., Tozzi, S., Sun, J., Zhang, Y., Dunbar, R.
B., Long, M. C., Sohst, B., Lohan, M., and Hutchins, D. A.: Interactive
effects of iron, irradiance and CO2 on Ross Sea phytoplankton, Deep-Res.
Pt. I, 57, 368–383, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.013,
2010.
Ferguson, R. L., Buckley, E. N., and Palumbo, A. V.: Response of marine
bacterioplankton to differential filtration and confinement, Appl. Environ. Microb., 47, 49–55, 1984.
Field, C. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T., and Falkowski, P. G.:
Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic
Components, Science, 281, 237–240,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.237, 1998.
Flynn, K. J., Blackford, J. C., Baird, M. E., Raven, J. A., Clark, D. R.,
Beardall, J., Brownlee, C., Fabian, H., and Wheeler, G. L.: Changes in pH at
the exterior surface of plankton with ocean acidification, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 510–513, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1489, 2012.
Fogg, G. E. and Calvario-Martinez, O.: Effects of bottle size in
determinations of primary productivity by phytoplankton, Hydrobiologia,
173, 89–94, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00015518, 1989.
Friedrichs, L., Hörnig, M., Schulze, L., Bertram, A., Jansen, S., and
Hamm, C.: Size and biomechanic properties of diatom frustules influence food
uptake by copepods, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 481, 41–51,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10227, 2013.
Gao, K. and Campbell, D. A.: Photophysiological responses of marine diatoms
to elevated CO2 and decreased pH: A review, Funct. Plant Biol., 41,
449–459, https://doi.org/10.1071/FP13247, 2014.
Gao, K., Xu, J., Gao, G., Li, Y., Hutchins, D. A., Huang, B., Wang, L.,
Zheng, Y., Jin, P., Cai, X., Häder, D. P., Li, W., Xu, K., Liu, N., and
Riebesell, U.: Rising CO2 and increased light exposure synergistically
reduce marine primary productivity, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 519–523,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1507, 2012.
Gaylord, B., Kroeker, K. J., Sunday, J. M., Anderson, K. M., Barry, J. P.,
Brown, N. E., Connell, S. D., Dupont, S., Fabricius, K. E., Hall-Spencer, J.
M., Klinger, T., Milazzo, M., Munday, P. L., Russell, B. D., Sanford, E.,
Schreiber, S. J., Thiyagarajan, V., Vaughan, M. L. H., Widdicombe, S., and
Harley, C. D. G.: Ocean acidification through the lens of ecological theory,
Ecology, 96, 3–15, 2015.
Gazeau, F., Sallon, A., Pitta, P., Tsiola, A., Maugendre, L., Giani, M.,
Celussi, M., Pedrotti, M. L., Marro, S., and Guieu, C.: Limited impact of
ocean acidification on phytoplankton community structure and carbon export
in an oligotrophic environment: Results from two short-term mesocosm studies
in the Mediterranean Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 186, 72–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.11.016, 2017.
Giordano, M., Beardall, J., and Raven, J. A.: CO2 concentrating mechanisms in
algae: mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution., Annu. Rev.
Plant Biol., 56, 99–131, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144052,
2005.
Goldenberg, S. U., Nagelkerken, I., Marangon, E., Bonnet, A., and Camilo, M.:
Ecological complexity buffers the impacts of future climate on marine
animals Corresponding author Keywords, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 229–233,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0086-0, 2018.
Grear, J. S., Rynearson, T. A., Montalbano, A. L., Govenar, B., and
Menden-Deuer, S.: pCO2 effects on species composition and growth of an
estuarine phytoplankton community, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 190, 40–49,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.03.016, 2017.
Guangao, L.: Different types of ecosystem experiments, in Enclosed
Experimental Marine Ecosystems: A Review and Recommendations, edited by: Lalli, C.
M., Springer-Verlag, New York, 7–20, 1990.
Guiry, M. D.: How many species of algae are there?, J. Phycol., 48,
1057–1063, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x, 2012.
Hall-Spencer, J. M., Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., Martin, S., Ransome, E., Fine, M.,
Turner, S. M., Rowley, S. J., Tedesco, D., and Buia, M.-C.: Volcanic carbon
dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification, Nature, 454,
96–99, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07051, 2008.
Hama, T., Inoue, T., Suzuki, R., Kashiwazaki, H., Wada, S., Sasano, D.,
Kosugi, N., and Ishii, M.: Response of a phytoplankton community to nutrient
addition under different CO2 and pH conditions, J. Oceanogr., 72,
207–223, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-015-0322-4, 2016.
Hamm, C. and Smetacek, V.: Armor: Why, when, and how, in Evolution of
Phytoplankton, edited by: Falkowski, P. G. and Knoll, A. H.,
Elsevier, Boston, 311–332, 2007.
Hamm, C. E., Merkel, R., Springer, O., Jurkojc, P., Maiert, C., Prechtelt,
K., and Smetacek, V.: Architecture and material properties of diatom shells
provide effective mechanical protection, Nature, 421, 841–843,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01416, 2003.
Hammes, F., Vital, M., and Egli, T.: Critical evaluation of the volumetric
“bottle effect” on microbial batch growth, Appl. Environ. Microb.,
76, 1278–1281, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01914-09, 2010.
Hare, C. E., Leblanc, K., DiTullio, G. R., Kudela, R. M., Zhang, Y., Lee, P.
A., Riseman, S., and Hutchins, D. A.: Consequences of increased temperature
and CO2 for phytoplankton community structure in the Bering Sea, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 352, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07182, 2007.
Hervé, V., Derr, J., Douady, S., Quinet, M., Moisan, L., and Lopez, P.
J.: Multiparametric Analyses Reveal the pH-Dependence of Silicon
Biomineralization in Diatoms, PLoS One, 7, e46722,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046722, 2012.
Hofmann, G. E., Smith, J. E., Johnson, K. S., Send, U., Levin, L. A.,
Micheli, F., Paytan, A., Price, N. N., Peterson, B., Takeshita, Y., Matson,
P. G., de Crook, E., Kroeker, K. J., Gambi, M. C., Rivest, E. B., Frieder,
C. A., Yu, P. C., and Martz, T. R.: High-frequency dynamics of ocean pH: A
multi-ecosystem comparison, PLoS One, 6, e28983,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028983, 2011.
Hopkins, F. E., Turner, S. M., Nightingale, P. D., Steinke, M., Bakker, D., and Liss, P. S.: Ocean acidification and marine trace gas emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 760–765, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907163107, 2010.
Hoppe, C. J. M., Hassler, C. S., Payne, C. D., Tortell, P. D., Rost, B. R., and Trimborn, S.: Iron limitation modulates ocean acidification effects on
Southern Ocean phytoplankton communities, PLoS One, 8, e79890,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079890, 2013.
Hoppe, C. J. M., Schuback, N., Semeniuk, D. M., Maldonado, M. T., and Rost,
B.: Functional Redundancy Facilitates Resilience of Subarctic Phytoplankton
Assemblages toward Ocean Acidification and High Irradiance, Front. Mar.
Sci., 4, 229, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00229, 2017a.
Hoppe, C. J. M., Schuback, N., Semeniuk, D., Giesbrecht, K., Mol, J.,
Thomas, H., Maldonado, M. T., Rost, B., Varela, D. E., and Tortell, P. D.:
Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced
irradiance, Polar Biol., 41, 399–413, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2186-0,
2017b.
Hussherr, R., Levasseur, M., Lizotte, M., Tremblay, J.-É., Mol, J., Thomas, H., Gosselin, M., Starr, M., Miller, L. A., Jarniková, T., Schuback, N., and Mucci, A.: Impact of ocean acidification on Arctic phytoplankton blooms and dimethyl sulfide concentration under simulated ice-free and under-ice conditions, Biogeosciences, 14, 2407–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, 2017.
James, R. K., Hepburn, C. D., Cornwall, C. E., McGraw, C. M., and Hurd, C.
L.: Growth response of an early successional assemblage of coralline algae
and benthic diatoms to ocean acidification, Mar. Biol., 161, 1687–1696,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2453-3, 2014.
Johnson, V. R., Brownlee, C., Rickaby, R. E. M., Graziano, M., Milazzo, M., and Hall-Spencer, J. M.: Responses of marine benthic microalgae to elevated
CO2, Mar. Biol., 160, 1813–1824, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-011-1840-2, 2011.
Kim, J.-M., Lee, K., Shin, K., Kang, J.-H., Lee, H.-W., Kim, M., Jang, P.-G., and Jang, M.-C.: The effect of seawater CO2 concentration on growth of a
natural phytoplankton assemblage in a controlled mesocosm experiment,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 1629–1636, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.4.1629, 2006.
Kim, J. M., Lee, K., Yang, E. J., Shin, K., Noh, J. H., Park, K. T., Hyun,
B., Jeong, H. J., Kim, J. H., Kim, K. Y., Kim, M., Kim, H. C., Jang, P. G., and Jang, M. C.: Enhanced production of oceanic dimethylsulfide resulting
from CO2-induced grazing activity in a high CO2 world, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 44, 8140–8143, https://doi.org/10.1021/es102028k, 2010.
Kottmeier, D. M., Rokitta, S. D., and Rost, B.: H+-driven increase in CO2
uptake and decrease in uptake explain coccolithophores' acclimation
responses to ocean acidification, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, 2045–2057, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10352,
2016.
Liu, H., Chen, M., Zhu, F., and Harrison, P. J.: Effect of Diatom Silica
Content on Copepod Grazing, Growth and Reproduction, Front. Mar. Sci.,
3, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00089, 2016.
Loucaides, S., van Cappellen, P., Roubeix, V., Moriceau, B., and Ragueneau,
O.: Controls on the Recycling and Preservation of Biogenic Silica from
Biomineralization to Burial, Silicon, 4, 7–22,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-011-9092-9, 2012.
Mallozzi, A. J., Errera, R. M., Bargu, S., and Herrmann, A. D.: Impacts of
elevated pCO2 on estuarine phytoplankton biomass and community structure in
two biogeochemically distinct systems in Louisiana, USA, J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
Ecol., 511, 28–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2018.09.008, 2019.
Malviya, S., Scalco, E., Audic, S., Vincent, F., Veluchamy, A., Poulain, J.,
Wincker, P., Iudicone, D., de Vargas, C., Bittner, L., Zingone, A., and
Bowler, C.: Insights into global diatom distribution and diversity in the
world's ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, E1516–E1525,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509523113, 2016.
Mann, D. G. and Vanormelingen, P.: An Inordinate Fondness? The Number,
Distributions, and Origins of Diatom Species, J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 60,
414–420, https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12047, 2013.
Martin-Jézéquel, V., Hildebrand, M., and Brzezinski, M. A.: Review
Silicon Metabolism in Diatoms: Implications for Growth, J. Phycol., 36,
821–840, 2000.
Maugendre, L., Gattuso, J.-P., Louis, J., de Kluijver, A., Marro, S.,
Soetaert, K., and Gazeau, F.: Effect of ocean warming and acidification on a
plankton community in the NW Mediterranean Sea, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 72,
1744–1755, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu161, 2015.
Mejía, L. M., Isensee, K., Méndez-Vicente, A., Pisonero, J.,
Shimizu, N., González, C., Monteleone, B., and Stoll, H.: B content and
Si/C ratios from cultured diatoms (Thalassiosira pseudonana and
Thalassiosira weissflogii): Relationship to seawater pH and diatom carbon
acquisition, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 123, 322–337,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.06.011, 2013.
Menzel, D. W. and Case, J.: Concept and Design: Controlled Ecosystem
Pollution Experiment, B. Mar. Sci., 27, 1–7, 1977.
Meunier, C. L., Algueró-Muñiz, M., Horn, H. G., Lange, J. A. F., and
Boersma, M.: Direct and indirect effects of near-future pCO2 levels on
zooplankton dynamics, Mar. Freshwater Res., 68, 373–380,
https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15296, 2017.
Milligan, A. J., Varela, D. E., Brzezinski, M. A., and Morel, F. M. M.:
Dynamics of Silicon Metabolism and Silicon Isotopic Discrimination in a
Marine Diatom as a Function of pCO2, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 322–329,
2004.
Nelson, D. M., Tréguer, P., Brzezinski, M. A., Leynaert, A., and
Quéguiner, B.: Production and dissolution of biogenic silica in the
ocean: Revised global estimates, comparison with regional data and
relationship to biogenic sedimentation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 9,
359–372, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GB01070, 1995.
Nielsen, L. T., Jakobsen, H. H., and Hansen, P. J.: High resilience of two
coastal plankton communities to twenty-first century seawater acidification:
Evidence from microcosm studies, Mar. Biol. Res., 6, 542–555,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000903476941, 2010.
Nielsen, L. T., Hallegraeff, G. M., Wright, S. W., and Hansen, P. J.: Effects
of experimental seawater acidification on an estuarine plankton community,
Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 65, 271–285, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01554, 2012.
Nogueira, P., Domingues, R. B., and Barbosa, A. B.: Are microcosm volume and
sample pre-filtration relevant to evaluate phytoplankton growth?, J. Exp.
Mar. Biol. Ecol., 461, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.09.006, 2014.
Pan, Y., Zhang, Y., Peng, Y., Zhao, Q., and Sun, S.: Increases of chamber
height and base diameter have contrasting effects on grazing rate of two
cladoceran species: Implications for microcosm studies, PLoS One, 10,
1–14, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135786, 2015.
Pančić, M. and Kiørboe, T.: Phytoplankton defence mechanisms:
traits and trade-offs, Biol. Rev., 92, 1269–1303, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12395,
2018.
Park, K. T., Lee, K., Shin, K., Yang, E. J., Hyun, B., Kim, J. M., Noh, J.
H., Kim, M., Kong, B., Choi, D. H., Choi, S. J., Jang, P. G., and Jeong, H.
J.: Direct linkage between dimethyl sulfide production and microzooplankton
grazing, resulting from prey composition change under high partial pressure
of carbon dioxide conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 4750–4756,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es403351h, 2014.
Paul, A. J., Bach, L. T., Schulz, K.-G., Boxhammer, T., Czerny, J., Achterberg, E. P., Hellemann, D., Trense, Y., Nausch, M., Sswat, M., and Riebesell, U.: Effect of elevated CO2 on organic matter pools and fluxes in a summer Baltic Sea plankton community, Biogeosciences, 12, 6181–6203, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6181-2015, 2015.
Pomeroy, L. R.: The ocean food web – A changing paradigm, Bioscience, 24,
499–504, 1974.
Primeau, F. W., Holzer, M., and DeVries, T.: Southern Ocean nutrient trapping
and the efficiency of the biological pump, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 118,
2547–2564, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20181, 2013.
Raven, J. A., Giordano, M., Beardall, J., and Maberly, S. C.: Algal and
aquatic plant carbon concentrating mechanisms in relation to environmental
change, Photosynth. Res., 109, 281–96,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-011-9632-6, 2011.
Reul, A., Muñoz, M., Bautista, B., Neale, P. J., Sobrino, C., Mercado,
J. M., Segovia, M., Salles, S., Kulk, G., León, P., van de Poll, W. H.
D., Pérez, E., Buma, A., and Blanco, J. M.: Effect of CO2, nutrients and
light on coastal plankton. III. Trophic cascade, size structure and
composition, Aquat. Biol., 22, 59–76, https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00585, 2014.
Robinson, C. and Williams, P. J. le B.: Respiration and its measurement in
surface marine waters, in Respiration in Aquatic Environments, edited by: Del Giorgio, P. A. and Williams, P. J. le B., Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 147–180, 2005.
Roleda, M. Y., Cornwall, C. E., Feng, Y., McGraw, C. M., Smith, A. M., and
Hurd, C. L.: Effect of ocean acidification and pH fluctuations on the growth
and development of coralline algal recruits, and an associated benthic algal
assemblage, PLoS One, 10, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140394, 2015.
Rossoll, D., Sommer, U., and Winder, M.: Community interactions dampen
acidification effects in a coastal plankton system, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser.,
486, 37–46, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10352, 2013.
Rost, B., Riebesell, U., Burkhardt, S., and Sültemeyer, D.: Carbon
acquisition of bloom-forming marine phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48,
55–67, 2003.
Sala, M. M., Aparicio, F. L., Balagué, V., Boras, J. A., Borrull, E.,
Cardelús, C., Cros, L., Gomes, A., López-Sanz, A., Malits, A.,
Martínez, R. A., Mestre, M., Movilla, J., Sarmento, H.,
Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Vaqué, D., Pinhassi, J., Calbet, A.,
Calvo, E., Gasol, J. M., Pelejero, C., and Marrasé, C.: Contrasting
effects of ocean acidification on the microbial food web under different
trophic conditions, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 73, 670–679,
https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv130, 2015.
Sarmiento, J. L., Gruber, N., Brzezinski, M. A., and Dunne, J. P.:
High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological
productivity, Nature, 427, 56–60, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10605, 2004.
Sarnelle, O.: Daphnia effects on microzooplankton: comparisons of enclosure
and whole-lake responses, Ecology, 78, 913–928,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-4655(02)00300-4, 1997.
Sarthou, G., Timmermans, K. R., Blain, S., and Tréguer, P.: Growth
physiology and fate of diatoms in the ocean: A review, J. Sea Res., 53,
25–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2004.01.007, 2005.
Schulz, K. G., Riebesell, U., Bellerby, R. G. J., Biswas, H., Meyerhöfer, M., Müller, M. N., Egge, J. K., Nejstgaard, J. C., Neill, C., Wohlers, J., and Zöllner, E.: Build-up and decline of organic matter during PeECE III, Biogeosciences, 5, 707–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-707-2008, 2008.
Schulz, K. G., Bellerby, R. G. J., Brussaard, C. P. D., Büdenbender, J., Czerny, J., Engel, A., Fischer, M., Koch-Klavsen, S., Krug, S. A., Lischka, S., Ludwig, A., Meyerhöfer, M., Nondal, G., Silyakova, A., Stuhr, A., and Riebesell, U.: Temporal biomass dynamics of an Arctic plankton bloom in response to increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, Biogeosciences, 10, 161–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-161-2013, 2013.
Schulz, K. G., Bach, L. T., Bellerby, R., Bermudez, R., Boxhammer, T.,
Czerny, J., Engel, A., Ludwig, A., Larsen, A., Paul, A., Sswat, M., and
Riebesell, U.: Phytoplankton blooms at increasing levels of atmospheric
carbon dioxide: experimental evidence for negative effects on
prymnesiophytes and positive on small picoeukaryotes, Front. Mar. Sci.,
4, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00064, 2017.
Segovia, M., Lorenzo, M., Maldonado, M., Larsen, A., Berger, S., Tsagaraki,
T., Lázaro, F., Iñiguez, C., García-Gómez, C., Palma, A.,
Mausz, M., Gordillo, F., Fernández, J., Ray, J., and Egge, J.: Iron
availability modulates the effects of future CO2 levels within the marine
planktonic food web, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 565, 17–33,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12025, 2017.
Sett, S., Schulz, K. G., Bach, L. T., and Riebesell, U.: Shift towards larger
diatoms in a natural phytoplankton assemblage under combined high-CO2 and
warming conditions, J. Plankton Res., 40, 391–406,
https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fby018, 2018.
Shaik, A. U. R., Biswas, H., and Pal, S.: Increased CO2 availability promotes
growth of a tropical coastal diatom assemblage (Goa coast, Arabian Sea,
India), Diatom Res., 32, 325–339, https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2017.1379443,
2017.
Shen, C. and Hopkinson, B. M.: Size scaling of extracellular carbonic
anhydrase activity in centric marine diatoms, J. Phycol., 51, 255–263,
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12269, 2015.
Smetacek, V., Klaas, C., Strass, V. H., Assmy, P., Montresor, M., Cisewski,
B., Savoye, N., Webb, A., d'Ovidio, F., Arrieta, J. M., Bathmann, U.,
Bellerby, R., Berg, G. M., Croot, P., Gonzalez, S., Henjes, J., Herndl, G.
J., Hoffmann, L. J., Leach, H., Losch, M., Mills, M. M., Neill, C., Peeken,
I., Röttgers, R., Sachs, O., Sauter, E., Schmidt, M. M., Schwarz, J.,
Terbrüggen, A., and Wolf-Gladrow, D.: Deep carbon export from a Southern
Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom, Nature, 487, 313–319,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11229, 2012.
Smetacek, V. S.: Role of sinking in diatom life-hystory: ecological,
evolutionary and geological significance, Mar. Biol., 84, 239–251,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392493, 1985.
Sommer, U., Stibor, H., Katechakis, A., Sommer, F., and Hansen, T.: Pelagic
food web confgurations at different levels of nutrient richness and their
implications for the ratio fish production:primary production,
Hydrobiologia, 484, 11–20, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021340601986, 2002.
Sommer, U., Paul, C., and Moustaka-Gouni, M.: Warming and ocean acidification
effects on phytoplankton – From species shifts to size shifts within species
in a mesocosm experiment, PLoS One, 10, 1–17,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125239, 2015.
Sournia, A., Chrétiennot-Dinet, M. J., and Ricard, M.: Marine
phytoplankton: How many species in the world ocean?, J. Plankton Res.,
13, 1093–1099, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/13.5.1093, 1991.
Spencer, M. and Warren, P. H.: The effects of habitat size and productivity
on food web structure in small aquatic microcosms, Oikos, 75, 419–430,
1996.
Sswat, M., Stiasny, M., Taucher, J., Algueró-Muñiz, M., Bach, L. T.,
Jutfelt, F., Riebesell, U., and Clemmesen, C.: Food web changes under ocean
acidification promote herring larvae survival, Nature Ecology and Evolution, 2, 836–840, 2018.
Tatters, A. O., Roleda, M. Y., Schnetzer, A., Fu, F., Hurd, C. L., Boyd, P.
W., Caron, D. A., Lie, A. A. Y., Hoffmann, L. J., and Hutchins, D. A.: Short-
and long-term conditioning of a temperate marine diatom community to
acidification and warming, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 368,
20120437, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0437, 2013.
Tatters, A. O., Schnetzer, A., Xu, K., Walworth, N. G., Fu, F., Spackeen, J.
L., Sipler, R. E., Bertrand, E. M., McQuaid, J. B., Allen, A. E., Bronk, D.
A., Gao, K., Sun, J., Caron, D. A., and Hutchins, D. A.: Interactive effects
of temperature, CO2 and nitrogen source on a coastal California diatom
assemblage, J. Plankton Res., 40, 151–164, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbx074,
2018.
Taucher, J., Jones, J., James, A., Brzezinski, M. A., Carlson, C. A.,
Riebesell, U., and Passow, U.: Combined effects of CO2 and temperature on
carbon uptake and partitioning by the marine diatoms Thalassiosira
weissflogii and Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Limnol. Oceanogr., 60,
901–919, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10063, 2015.
Taucher, J., Arístegui, J., Bach, L. T., Guan, W., Montero, M. F.,
Nauendorf, A., Achterberg, E. P., and Riebesell, U.: Response of Subtropical
Phytoplankton Communities to Ocean Acidification Under Oligotrophic
Conditions and During Nutrient Fertilization, Front. Mar. Sci.,
5, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00330, 2018.
Thoisen, C., Riisgaard, K., Lundholm, N., Nielsen, T. G., and Hansen, P. J.:
Effect of acidification on an Arctic phytoplankton community from Disko Bay,
West Greenland, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 520, 21–34, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11123,
2015.
Thor, P. and Dupont, S.: Transgenerational effects alleviate severe
fecundity loss during ocean acidification in a ubiquitous planktonic
copepod, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 2261–2271, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12815, 2015.
Thor, P. and Oliva, E. O.: Ocean acidification elicits different energetic
responses in an Arctic and a boreal population of the copepod Pseudocalanus
acuspes, Mar. Biol., 162, 799–807, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-015-2625-9, 2015.
Tortell, P. D., DiTullio, G. R., Sigman, D. M., and Morel, F. M. M.: CO2
effects on taxonomic composition and nutrient utilization in an Equatorial
Pacific phytoplankton assemblage, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 236, 37–43,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps236037, 2002.
Tortell, P. D., Payne, C. D., Li, Y., Trimborn, S., Rost, B., Smith, W. O.,
Riesselman, C., Dunbar, R. B., Sedwick, P., and DiTullio, G. R.: CO2
sensitivity of Southern Ocean phytoplankton, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35,
L04605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032583, 2008.
Tréguer, P., Bowler, C., Moriceau, B., Dutkiewicz, S., Gehlen, M.,
Aumont, O., Bittner, L., Dugdale, R., Finkel, Z., Iudicone, D., Jahn, O.,
Guidi, L., Lasbleiz, M., Leblanc, K., Levy, M., and Pondaven, P.: Influence
of diatom diversity on the ocean biological carbon pump, Nat. Geosci.,
11, 27–37, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-017-0028-x, 2018.
Tréguer, P. J. and De La Rocha, C. L.: The World Ocean Silica Cycle,
Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 5, 477–501,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172346, 2013.
Trimborn, S., Lundholm, N., Thoms, S., Richter, K.-U., Krock, B., Hansen, P.
J., and Rost, B.: Inorganic carbon acquisition in potentially toxic and
non-toxic diatoms: the effect of pH-induced changes in seawater carbonate
chemistry., Physiol. Plant., 133, 92–105,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01038.x, 2008.
Trimborn, S., Brenneis, T., Hoppe, C. J. M., Laglera, L. M., Norman, L.,
Santos-Echeandía, J., Völkner, C., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Hassler, C.
S.: Iron sources alter the response of Southern Ocean phytoplankton to ocean
acidification, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 578, 35–50, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12250,
2017.
Vrieling, E. G., Gieskes, W. W. C., and Beelen, T. P. M.: SILICON DEPOSITION
IN DIATOMS: CONTROL BY THE pH INSIDE THE SILICON DEPOSITION VESICLE, J.
Phycol., 35, 548–559, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3530548.x, 1999.
Ward, B. A., Dutkiewicz, S., Jahn, O., and Follows, M. J.: A size-structured
food-web model for the global ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 1877–1891,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.6.1877, 2012.
Wilken, S., Hoffmann, B., Hersch, N., Kirchgessner, N., Dieluweit, S.,
Rubner, W., Hoffmann, L. J., Merkel, R., and Peeken, I.: Diatom frustules
show increased mechanical strength and altered valve morphology under iron
limitation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 56, 1399–1410,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.4.1399, 2011.
Witt, V., Wild, C., Anthony, K. R. N., Diaz-Pulido, G., and Uthicke, S.:
Effects of ocean acidification on microbial community composition of, and
oxygen fluxes through, biofilms from the Great Barrier Reef, Environ.
Microbiol., 13, 2976–2989, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02571.x, 2011.
Wolf-Gladrow, D. and Riebesell, U.: Diffusion and reactions in the vicinity
of plankton: A refined model for inorganic carbon transport, Mar. Chem.,
59, 17–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00069-8, 1997.
Wolf, K. K. E., Hoppe, C. J. M., and Rost, B.: Resilience by diversity: Large
intraspecific differences in climate change responses of an Arctic diatom,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 63, 397–411, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10639, 2018.
Wu, Y., Campbell, D. A., Irwin, A. J., Suggett, D. J., and Finkel, Z. V.:
Ocean acidification enhances the growth rate of larger diatoms, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 59, 1027–1034, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.3.1027, 2014.
Yoshimura, T., Nishioka, J., Suzuki, K., Hattori, H., Kiyosawa, H., and
Watanabe, Y. W.: Impacts of elevated CO2 on organic carbon dynamics in
nutrient depleted Okhotsk Sea surface waters, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.,
395, 191–198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2010.09.001, 2010.
Yoshimura, T., Suzuki, K., Kiyosawa, H., Ono, T., Hattori, H., Kuma, K., and
Nishioka, J.: Impacts of elevated CO2on particulate and dissolved organic
matter production: Microcosm experiments using iron-deficient plankton
communities in open subarctic waters, J. Oceanogr., 69, 601–618,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-013-0196-2, 2013.
Young, J. N., Kranz, S. A., Goldman, J. A. L., Tortell, P. D., and Morel, F.
M. M.: Antarctic phytoplankton down-regulate their carbon-concentrating
mechanisms under high CO2 with no change in growth rates, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 532,
13–28, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11336, 2015.
Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. A.: CO2 in seawater: Equilibrium,
kinetics, isotopes, Elsevier O., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001.
Short summary
Diatoms are a group of phytoplankton species responsible for ~ 25 % of primary production on Earth. Ocean acidification (OA) could influence diatoms but the key question is if they become more or less important within marine food webs. We synthesize OA experiments with natural communities and found that diatoms are more likely to be positively than negatively affected by high CO2 and larger species may profit in particular. This has important implications for ecosystem services diatoms provide.
Diatoms are a group of phytoplankton species responsible for ~ 25 % of primary production on...