the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A framework to evaluate and elucidate the driving mechanisms of coastal sea surface pCO2 seasonality using an ocean general circulation model (MOM6-COBALT)
- 1Department of Geosciences, Environment & Society-BGEOSYS, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, CP160/02, Belgium
- 2Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- 1Department of Geosciences, Environment & Society-BGEOSYS, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, CP160/02, Belgium
- 2Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Abstract. The temporal variability of the sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and the underlying processes driving this variability are poorly understood in the coastal ocean. In this study, we tailor an existing method that quantifies the effects of thermal changes, biological activity, ocean circulation and fresh water fluxes to examine seasonal pCO2 changes in highly-variable coastal environments. We first use the Modular Ocean Model version 6 (MOM6) and biogeochemical module Carbon Ocean Biogeochemistry And Lower Trophics version 2 (COBALTv2) at a half degree resolution to simulate the coastal CO2 dynamics and evaluate it against pCO2 from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas database (SOCAT) and from the continuous coastal pCO2 product generated from SOCAT by a two-step neuronal network interpolation method (coastal-SOM-FFN, Laruelle et al., 2017). The MOM6-COBALT model not only reproduces the observed spatio-temporal variability in pCO2 but also in sea surface temperature, salinity, nutrients, in most coastal environments except in a few specific regions such as marginal seas. Based on this evaluation, we identify coastal regions of ‘high’ and ‘medium’ model skill where the drivers of coastal pCO2 seasonal changes can be examined with reasonable confidence. Second, we apply our decomposition method in three contrasted coastal regions: an Eastern (East coast of the U.S) and a Western (the Californian Current) boundary current and a polar coastal region (the Norwegian Basin). Results show that differences in pCO2 seasonality in the three regions are controlled by the balance between ocean circulation, biological and thermal changes. Circulation controls the pCO2 seasonality in the Californian Current, biological activity controls pCO2 in the Norwegian Basin, while the interplay between biology, thermal and circulation changes is key in the East coast of the U.S. The refined approach presented here allows the attribution of pCO2 changes with small residual biases in the coastal ocean, allowing future work on the mechanisms controlling coastal air-sea CO2 exchanges and how they are likely to be affected by future changes in sea surface temperature, hydrodynamics and biological dynamics.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Supplement
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Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Alizée Roobaert et al.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on os-2021-70', Anonymous Referee #1, 01 Sep 2021
This paper thoroughly evaluated the model performance in the coastal region. Then, it examined the drivers of pCO2 seasonal variations in several coastal regions using the decomposition method recently proposed.
Recent studies have shown that the CO2 uptake in the coastal ocean cannot be ignored in the global CO2 budget. The detailed analysis the variability of the coastal CO2 flux has been needed.
The manuscript is well organized and easy to follow.
My concern is just that the decomposition results are shown in the only three coastal regions.
As the authors mentioned, uncertainty of the reconstructed pCO2 dataset is not small especially in the data limited region. Therefore the model performance is not necessarily doubtful even if the model output is not consistent with the observation-based estimates.
As long as the discrepancy is clearly stated, the decomposition result in other regions and the detailed discussion of the geographical distribution of the driving force is useful for our understanding.
Other minor comments are follows;
Line 139 and many others, “Socatv6”: “SOCATv6”would be better.
Figure 1a: Dots and dashes in the inserted table are not similar with those in the main body of Figure 1a.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Goulven G. Laruelle, 18 Oct 2021
-
RC2: 'Comment on os-2021-70', Anonymous Referee #2, 08 Sep 2021
Roobaert et al. assess the skill of the MOM6-COBALT model for representing the seasonal cycle of pCO2 in coastal regions and develop a methodology for interrogating the processes driving seasonal and regional differences. They use the model output to interrogate the drivers of the seasonal signal in three regions where model skill is high. This study makes good use of data products for assessing the skill of models in reproducing seasonal coastal dynamics and the unique information that models can bring to coastal carbon research, however, a few issues should be addressed before publication.
1) In the method to assess the different processes controlling seasonal pCO2 variability, the assumption that the coefficients (explained in lines 195-206) are constant in time needs to be explained. Are the coefficients truly constant in time if the goal is to understand how processes like freshwater discharge (a spring event in many regions) impact pCO2? Doesn’t a spring-time river runoff event, for example, change the relationship between DIC, ALK, SSS, etc, which would not be reflected in coefficients derived from average conditions over 1998-2015?
2) In the methodological limitations section (3.1.4) it is mentioned the coastal-SOM-FFN climatology does have limitations in reproducing pCO2 variability in some regions. Since this is the case, for the regions where there are SOCATv6 data (lines 325-326 state there are 45 grids with sufficient data), the paper should include model-SOCATv6 comparisons, especially for seasonal amplitude. Right now, Figure 4 does show SOCATv6 annual mean but Figure 5 does not show seasonal amplitude from SOCATv6, and seasonal amplitude is, as the authors state, underrepresented by coastal-SOM-FFN. Figures 4 and 5 should both include SOCATv6 as well as the residuals between model and SOCATv6 (for the regions where there is observational data). This is also an issue with the supplemental tables, where Table S1 presenting annual mean does include SOCATv6 but S2 presenting seasonal amplitude does not. The paper should include a more robust assessment of model-SOCATv6 seasonal amplitude comparisons, given seasonality, not annual mean, is the central focus of the study.
3) The ESRL atmospheric data are not properly cited. First, ESRL does not provide pCO2 as stated in line 115. The atmospheric community measures and provides xCO2. The authors need to properly cite the ESRL data source (not the current citation of Joos and Spahni) and explain how atmospheric pCO2 was calculated.
Minor issues:
Line 45: This statement seems to be Northern Hemisphere biased. Given this study used a SOCAT-based data product, Southern Hemisphere coastal regions are extremely underrepresented and many areas are likely not well characterized.
Line 290 / Figure 4: As stated earlier, it would be easier to see the model-data difference if a residual plot was included rather than ask the reader to compare Fig 4a and 4b.
Line 326: Many of these 45 grid cells with continuous pCO2 time series are likely buoy locations. Added to SOCAT in 2015, these continuous time series are an essential feature of SOCAT for seasonal assessments like this study, and make a strong case for a more thorough model-data comparison as mentioned previously.
Line 352-353: In some places like here the regions are only stated by their associated numbers, however, it is easier for the reader to understand the results if stated by their name and number as in lines 356-357.
Lines 388-390: This seems to be an important result of the study that should be included in the Conclusion section.
Section 3.2.1: Cai et al. 2020 find that different processes drive variation in pCO2 in different subregions of US East Coast. How do these model-based results compare with their data-based assessment of drivers? (See: Cai, W.-J., et al. (2020). Controls on surface water carbonate chemistry along North American ocean margins. Nature Communications, 11(1), 2691. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16530-z)
Lines 575-583: Description of the xCO2 data source is missing from this section.
Figure 3: This is another figure that could benefit from showing a MOM6-COBALT vs SOCATv6 comparison for pCO2.
Figure 6: If any of these regions have continuous pCO2 time series in SOCATv6, SOCATv6 should also be included.
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Goulven G. Laruelle, 18 Oct 2021
Peer review completion
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on os-2021-70', Anonymous Referee #1, 01 Sep 2021
This paper thoroughly evaluated the model performance in the coastal region. Then, it examined the drivers of pCO2 seasonal variations in several coastal regions using the decomposition method recently proposed.
Recent studies have shown that the CO2 uptake in the coastal ocean cannot be ignored in the global CO2 budget. The detailed analysis the variability of the coastal CO2 flux has been needed.
The manuscript is well organized and easy to follow.
My concern is just that the decomposition results are shown in the only three coastal regions.
As the authors mentioned, uncertainty of the reconstructed pCO2 dataset is not small especially in the data limited region. Therefore the model performance is not necessarily doubtful even if the model output is not consistent with the observation-based estimates.
As long as the discrepancy is clearly stated, the decomposition result in other regions and the detailed discussion of the geographical distribution of the driving force is useful for our understanding.
Other minor comments are follows;
Line 139 and many others, “Socatv6”: “SOCATv6”would be better.
Figure 1a: Dots and dashes in the inserted table are not similar with those in the main body of Figure 1a.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Goulven G. Laruelle, 18 Oct 2021
-
RC2: 'Comment on os-2021-70', Anonymous Referee #2, 08 Sep 2021
Roobaert et al. assess the skill of the MOM6-COBALT model for representing the seasonal cycle of pCO2 in coastal regions and develop a methodology for interrogating the processes driving seasonal and regional differences. They use the model output to interrogate the drivers of the seasonal signal in three regions where model skill is high. This study makes good use of data products for assessing the skill of models in reproducing seasonal coastal dynamics and the unique information that models can bring to coastal carbon research, however, a few issues should be addressed before publication.
1) In the method to assess the different processes controlling seasonal pCO2 variability, the assumption that the coefficients (explained in lines 195-206) are constant in time needs to be explained. Are the coefficients truly constant in time if the goal is to understand how processes like freshwater discharge (a spring event in many regions) impact pCO2? Doesn’t a spring-time river runoff event, for example, change the relationship between DIC, ALK, SSS, etc, which would not be reflected in coefficients derived from average conditions over 1998-2015?
2) In the methodological limitations section (3.1.4) it is mentioned the coastal-SOM-FFN climatology does have limitations in reproducing pCO2 variability in some regions. Since this is the case, for the regions where there are SOCATv6 data (lines 325-326 state there are 45 grids with sufficient data), the paper should include model-SOCATv6 comparisons, especially for seasonal amplitude. Right now, Figure 4 does show SOCATv6 annual mean but Figure 5 does not show seasonal amplitude from SOCATv6, and seasonal amplitude is, as the authors state, underrepresented by coastal-SOM-FFN. Figures 4 and 5 should both include SOCATv6 as well as the residuals between model and SOCATv6 (for the regions where there is observational data). This is also an issue with the supplemental tables, where Table S1 presenting annual mean does include SOCATv6 but S2 presenting seasonal amplitude does not. The paper should include a more robust assessment of model-SOCATv6 seasonal amplitude comparisons, given seasonality, not annual mean, is the central focus of the study.
3) The ESRL atmospheric data are not properly cited. First, ESRL does not provide pCO2 as stated in line 115. The atmospheric community measures and provides xCO2. The authors need to properly cite the ESRL data source (not the current citation of Joos and Spahni) and explain how atmospheric pCO2 was calculated.
Minor issues:
Line 45: This statement seems to be Northern Hemisphere biased. Given this study used a SOCAT-based data product, Southern Hemisphere coastal regions are extremely underrepresented and many areas are likely not well characterized.
Line 290 / Figure 4: As stated earlier, it would be easier to see the model-data difference if a residual plot was included rather than ask the reader to compare Fig 4a and 4b.
Line 326: Many of these 45 grid cells with continuous pCO2 time series are likely buoy locations. Added to SOCAT in 2015, these continuous time series are an essential feature of SOCAT for seasonal assessments like this study, and make a strong case for a more thorough model-data comparison as mentioned previously.
Line 352-353: In some places like here the regions are only stated by their associated numbers, however, it is easier for the reader to understand the results if stated by their name and number as in lines 356-357.
Lines 388-390: This seems to be an important result of the study that should be included in the Conclusion section.
Section 3.2.1: Cai et al. 2020 find that different processes drive variation in pCO2 in different subregions of US East Coast. How do these model-based results compare with their data-based assessment of drivers? (See: Cai, W.-J., et al. (2020). Controls on surface water carbonate chemistry along North American ocean margins. Nature Communications, 11(1), 2691. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16530-z)
Lines 575-583: Description of the xCO2 data source is missing from this section.
Figure 3: This is another figure that could benefit from showing a MOM6-COBALT vs SOCATv6 comparison for pCO2.
Figure 6: If any of these regions have continuous pCO2 time series in SOCATv6, SOCATv6 should also be included.
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Goulven G. Laruelle, 18 Oct 2021
Peer review completion
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Alizée Roobaert et al.
Alizée Roobaert et al.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Supplement
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