References

Ocean Science

Ocean Sci.

1812-0792

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/os-7-363-2011

The effects of biogeochemical processes on oceanic conductivity/salinity/density relationships and the characterization of real seawater

Pawlowicz

¹ Wright

D. G.

² ⁴ Millero

F. J.

Dept. of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada

Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S., B2Y 4A2, Canada

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Fl 33149, USA

deceased

01 06 2011

7 3 363 387

2011

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://os.copernicus.org/articles/7/363/2011/os-7-363-2011.pdf

As seawater circulates through the global ocean, its relative composition undergoes small variations. This results in changes to the conductivity/salinity/density relationship, which is currently well-defined only for Standard Seawater obtained from a particular area in the North Atlantic. These changes are investigated here by analysis of laboratory experiments in which salts are added to seawater, by analysis of oceanic observations of density and composition anomalies, and by mathematical investigation using a model relating composition, conductivity, and density of arbitrary seawaters. Mathematical analysis shows that understanding and describing the effect of changes in relative composition on operational estimates of salinity using the Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and on density using an equation of state for Standard Seawater require the use of a number of different salinity variables and a family of haline contraction coefficients. These salinity variables include an absolute Salinity SAsoln, a density salinity SAdens, the reference salinity SR, and an added-mass salinity SAadd. In addition, a new salinity variable S&lowast; is defined, which represents the preformed salinity of a Standard Seawater component of real seawater to which biogeochemical processes add material. In spite of this complexity, observed correlations between different ocean biogeochemical processes allow the creation of simple formulas that can be used to convert between the different salinity and density measures, allowing for the operational reduction of routine oceanographic observations.

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