References

Ocean Science

Ocean Sci.

1812-0792

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/os-4-275-2008

Mutually consistent thermodynamic potentials for fluid water, ice and seawater: a new standard for oceanography

Feistel

¹ Wright

D. G.

² Miyagawa

³ Harvey

A. H.

⁴ Hruby

⁵ Jackett

D. R.

⁶ McDougall

T. J.

⁶ Wagner

⁷

Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 18119 Warnemünde, Germany

Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada

4-12-11-628, Nishiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-0011, Japan

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA

Institute of Thermomechanics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic

Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research: A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Hobart, TAS, Australia

Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany

12 12 2008

4 4 275 291

2008

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://os.copernicus.org/articles/4/275/2008/os-4-275-2008.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://os.copernicus.org/articles/4/275/2008/os-4-275-2008.pdf

A new seawater standard for oceanographic and engineering applications has been developed that consists of three independent thermodynamic potential functions, derived from extensive distinct sets of very accurate experimental data. The results have been formulated as Releases of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS (1996, 2006, 2008) and are expected to be adopted internationally by other organizations in subsequent years. In order to successfully perform computations such as phase equilibria from combinations of these potential functions, mutual compatibility and consistency of these independent mathematical functions must be ensured. In this article, a brief review of their separate development and ranges of validity is given. We analyse background details on the conditions specified at their reference states, the triple point and the standard ocean state, to ensure the mutual consistency of the different formulations, and the necessity and possibility of numerically evaluating metastable states of liquid water. Computed from this formulation in quadruple precision (128-bit floating point numbers), tables of numerical reference values are provided as anchor points for the consistent incorporation of additional potential functions in the future, and as unambiguous benchmarks to be used in the determination of numerical uncertainty estimates of double-precision implementations on different platforms that may be customized for special purposes.

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