OSOcean ScienceOSOcean Sci.1812-0792Copernicus PublicationsGöttingen, Germany10.5194/os-12-345-2016IEOOS: the Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing SystemTelElenaBalbinRosahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5231-1300CabanasJose-ManuelGarciaMaria-JesusGarcia-MartinezM. Carmenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6526-9164Gonzalez-PolaCesarLavinAliciaLopez-JuradoJose-LuisRodriguezCarmenRuiz-VillarrealManuelhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0169-0958Sánchez-LealRicardo F.Vargas-YáñezManuelVélez-BelchíPedroInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Servicios Centrales, Madrid, SpainInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, SpainInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Vigo, SpainInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Fuengirola, Fuengirola, SpainInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Gijón, SpainInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Santander, Santander, SpainInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, A Coruña, SpainInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Cádiz, Cádiz SpainInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, SpainE. Tel (elena.tel@md.ieo.es)4March201612234535331July201527October20152February201611February2016This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/This article is available from https://os.copernicus.org/articles/12/345/2016/os-12-345-2016.htmlThe full text article is available as a PDF file from https://os.copernicus.org/articles/12/345/2016/os-12-345-2016.pdf
Since its foundation, 100 years ago, the Spanish Institute of Oceanography
(IEO) has been observing and measuring the ocean characteristics. Here is
a summary of the initiatives of the IEO in the field of the operational
oceanography. Some systems like the tide gauges network has been working for
more than 70 years. The standard sections began at different moments
depending on the local projects, and nowadays there are more than 180 coastal
stations and deep-sea ones that are systematically sampled, obtaining
physical and biochemical measurements. At this moment, the Observing System
includes six permanent moorings equipped with current meters, an open-sea
ocean-meteorological buoy offshore Santander and a sea-surface temperature
satellite image station. It also supports the Spanish contribution to the
Argo international programme with 47 deployed profilers, and continuous
monitoring thermosalinometers, meteorological stations and vessel-mounted
acoustic Doppler current profilers on the research vessel fleet. The system
is completed with the contribution to the Northwest Iberian peninsula and
Gibraltar observatories, and the development of regional prediction models.
All these systematic measurements allow the IEO to give responses to ocean
research activities, official agencies requirements and industrial and main
society demands such as navigation, resource management, risks management,
recreation, as well as for management development pollution-related
economic activities or marine ecosystems. All these networks are linked to
international initiatives, framed largely in supranational programmes of Earth
observation sponsored by the United Nations or the European Union. The
synchronic observation system permits a spatio-temporal description
of some events, such as new deep water formation in the Mediterranean Sea and the
injection of heat to intermediate waters in the Bay of Biscay after some
colder northern storms in winter 2005.
Introduction
Operational oceanography (OO) is the activity of systematic and
long-term routine measurements of the seas and oceans, their interpretation
and dissemination in order to fulfil upcoming needs from many
different sectors: industry, service, policy making, etc., besides the
scientific one. The IEO's goal is scientific knowledge of the oceans and the
marine environment and has been developed based on observation and research. For more
than 2 decades it has been investing resources, time and funds in the field
of OO, to promote results for social development and benefit.
Institutional strengthening is desirable for the network of sampling it
has developed. The results are given to the interested national and
international community and the IEO's Spanish representative in the European
forums (International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE),
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), …) for
appropriate action. Some data collected across this Observing System are
linked to international initiatives. As an example, the IEO participates in the
Fixed-point Open Ocean Observatory network (FixO3) European project with data
from the Augusto Gonzalez de Linares (AGL) buoy; and nutrients and dissolved
oxygen information from water samples at different depth levels, that are
collected along the hydrographic sections, are included in the European
Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODNet, DG-Mare/2012) initiative in
order to improve the knowledge and construct distribution maps of the variables
along the European coasts.
An increase in ocean measurements and the availability of information on sea behaviour and variability provide a fundamental
opportunity for the rational use and exploitation of the ocean. This is an
important factor for Blue Growth and a green economy. In a sense, the
more ocean data we can collect, the better responses to the
social demands we will be able to offer, such as for improved weather forecasts,
sea-related hazard prevention, marine safety and coastal tourism.
Although all the data sets are quality controlled locally by the
researchers that are responsible for the different programmes, the IEO performs
a double validation when the data arrive to its data centre for
permanent archiving. Following the internationally agreed protocols, data are
checked for spikes and position/date errors, and validated against
climatological values in the different areas. To preserve the data for the
future, all detected problems are flagged with a numerical code, that gives
added value to the original data and facilitate further use of them.
Reformatted to internationally accepted standard formats, and meta-dated
following the Pan-European Infrastructure for Ocean and Marine Data
Management (SeaDataNet) protocols and the INSPIRE directive (2007/2/EC),
both, data and metadata, are incorporated into the IEO data archive structure,
linked to the SeaDataNet network, and made accessible through the web portal
www.seadatanet.org.
This paper aims to give a general overview of the different programmes that the
IEO supports to achieve its scientific objectives as well as to serve the
different demands that are imposed by the society. The different programmes
evolve as time passes, adapting new technologies and sampling
strategies to fulfil IEO needs and the ability to manage them.
Summary of the different hydrographical sections
programmes carried out by the IEO and their contributions to international
initiatives.
MonGOOS: Mediterranean Operational Network for the Global
Observing System is part of EuroGOOS. ICES/WGOH: ICES Working Group on
Oceanic Oceanography.
Tide gauge network
The Spanish tide gauge network (Red Operacional de NIvel del MAR, RONIMAR) has been
operating since 1943. It has 12 stations, four of them on islands,
conforming to international requirements and contributing with the data to
the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL). Some stations are
integrated into the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) and the long
period of data registered by RONIMAR has made it possible to integrate these sea level
time series to global and regional data sets for studies of long-term trends,
as well as for decadal and interannual variability .
Nowadays the sea level is sampled every 5 min in most of the stations
and these data are also relevant for the estimation of extreme sea
levels . Over time, the tide gauge network has been upgraded
in line with technological advances, both in terms of system measurement (from the
mechanical tide gauge with graphical recorder to a radar technology) and in relation to
data transmission (from postal mailing to automatic transmission). Nowadays, four
stations (Palma de Mallorca, Vigo, Cádiz, and Puerto de la Luz) are sampled
every minute, and can be used in seiche or tsunami studies. These tide
gauge data are made available daily at http://indamar.ieo.es.
Hydrographic monitoring sections
The IEO has been monitoring the Spanish shelf waters for the last 25 years.
This is the oldest national field programme for multidisciplinary marine
research addressing long-term variability issues at ecosystem level
. Core observations include ship-based hydrographical,
biogeochemical and plankton observations at monthly frequency in several
oceanographic sections along the Iberian shelf. The first series was initiated in the
northwestern shelf , and other programmes extended the
observations to the Mediterranean in 1992 . This long-term
monitoring gives knowledge about differences in the large-scale
off-shore oceanographic conditions along the water column , and
description of the intermediate water seasonal formation .
In 2003, an initiative (RadProf) to semiannually sample off-shelf waters using
the same approach was established in order to understand the mechanisms
governing the internal variability of the ocean, and therefore of the
climate. The Finisterre section takes a good representation of the Eastern
Boundary Waters along the Iberian Basin and western Galician Bank. In 2006
the deep hydrographic section around the Canary Islands began, in order to
establish the scales of variability in the decadal/subdecadal range in the
subtropical gyre, specifically in its eastern margin . In 2009,
new stations in the Gulf of Cádiz (STOCA programme) were added to the
network . The results of water sample analysis at the
different levels are included in the EMODNet (chemistry) network. The
Details of the network are summarized in Fig. and Table .
With the data collected, the IEO is able to detect deep changes produced in the Bay of Biscay and Mediterranean Sea. As an example, the
extremely cold and dry winter of 2005 in southwestern Europe was
detected based on the different character of the water masses. In the southern
Bay of Biscay, information from the IEO Shelf and Slope sections shows that in
the Bay of Biscay the episode caused a profound transformation of the upper
ocean hydrographical structure, making it completely different to what it
was in the previous decade . The strong local cooling and the
precipitation deficit resulted in the highest density flux estimated, which
triggered the mixed layer to reach unprecedented depths, affecting directly the
East North Atlantic Central Water (ENACW) that is usually unconnected to air–sea interaction. In the western Mediterranean the anomalous low precipitation
and persistency of northerlies over the NW Mediterranean caused a large
extension both in time and space of deep convection processes
and a New Western Mediterranean Deep Water (N-WMDW) was produced, slightly
denser, warmer and saltier than the usual WMDW . Also near the
continental slope, a cascading of colder and even denser water was found
, affecting biological processes over the whole water column
e.g.. In the last years, linked to
the growing interest in Mediterranean Sea health state, new
variables (pH, Total Inorganic Carbon, NO2, CH4) have been added to the
original sampling . This multidisciplinary approach allows improved management of short-lifecycle species such as Octopus vulgaris. All the RadMed oceanographic stations are included in the
Mediterranean Operational Network for the Global Observing System (MonGOOS)
and in the IBAMar database .
IEO tide gauge network (squares) and oceanographic
stations (dots) from the IEO hydrographic monitoring sections. AGL buoy is
close to the most external station of the Santander hydrographic section.
Along the Iberian Basin and NW slope, seasonality signals in the vein of
Mediterranean Water have been detected in the area, with the vein constrained
to the shelf break in the summer and widely distributed in winter
. Complete deep section coverage in the Cantabrian
Sea has been discontinued recently although some deep stations have been
included for monthly sampling. The aim is to establish the scale of
variability in the decadal/subdecadal range. Its information contributes to
the knowledge of the oceanographic climatic variability and global change
monitoring .
The Canary Islands are immersed in the eastern margin of the North Atlantic
subtropical gyre, in the coastal transition zone of the Canary Current
Upwelling System. The warming of the upper 600 m continues at a rate
of 0.14 ∘Cdecade-1 in the oceanic waters and
0.32 ∘Cdecade-1 in the waters between Lanzarote and
Africa under the influence of upwelling off the African coast. At intermediate
levels the warming continues at a rate of 0.04 ∘Cdecade-1
in the oceanic waters and 0.08 ∘Cdecade-1 in the waters
between Lanzarote and Africa. At deeper levels, since 1997 there is no
statistically significant trend. Regarding the oceanic circulation, the Canary
Current presents a seasonal cycle, with the minimum transport occurring
during the autumn, concentrated between Tenerife and Lanzarote Islands
.
Permanent moorings
In the Atlantic Ocean, the IEOOS has had two deep moorings in the RadProf
monitoring of N/NW Iberia since 2004: Finisterre and Santander. The second
stopped in September 2010 but in August 2010 a new mooring was established in
Asturias (44∘03′ N, 005∘53′ W). Mooring lines, equipped
with current meters at the cores of main water masses, have been operative
with some interruptions since 2003 at the western Iberian margin and in
southern Biscay, and complete the hydrographic sections' sampling. The goal is
to maintain at least one mooring line in each region. In the
Canary Basin a permanent mooring has been placed in the Eastern Boundary
Current (EBC) to quantify the water mass variability of currents, including the Canary Current .
In the Gibraltar Strait, the IEO is involved in the Gibraltar monitoring
system with a mooring that began in the framework of the national research
project “Water exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar and their response
to meteorological and climate forcing (INGRES)” in collaboration with the
University of Málaga. In the Mediterranean Sea, the HYDROCHANGES programme
comprises an international set of deep moorings for the
long-term monitoring of hydrological variability. The IEOOS contributes
to this programme with a mooring on the continental slope north of the
Ibiza Channel and another NE of Menorca Island. The moorings
maintenance is planned to be every 6 to 12 months within the RadMed
monitoring programme .
Ocean-meteorological buoy
Deployed in 2007, at 43∘50′ N, 3∘47′ W, the Augusto
Gonzalez de Linares (AGL) buoy is located 22 nmi (nautical miles) north of
Cape Mayor, off Santander (southern Bay of Biscay). Water depth at the buoy
site is 2850 m. It is equipped with meteorological sensors for air
temperature, atmospheric pressure, air humidity and wind (velocity and
direction), and ocean sensors for waves (height and direction), subsurface
seawater temperature and salinity, chlorophyll-A concentration and dissolved
oxygen. Finally, a 300 kHz Doppler current profiler monitors the
first 100 m horizontal currents.
The obtained information is of great importance for scientific,
meteorological, environmental, fishery, maritime and tourist activities which thus
have a realtime marine information source. Integration of different scales
has been a matter of study from hourly to monthly, and some products are freely
available, together AGL buoy realtime data, at www.boya_agl.st.ieo.es.
Delayed-time data from 2007 to 2014 are also available through
www.seadatanet.org. As an example, Fig. shows the
26 m height wave recorded in the Cantabrian Sea during a big storm in
winter 2009, and the time series for salinity and water temperature. These
are monthly validated against CTD and water bottles that are
systematically taken at the Santander hydrographic section.
Big wave recorded by the AGL buoy (above) and time series
(below) for continuous temperature and salinity recorded at the buoy, and data
obtained by systematic CTD and water bottle samples taken at the Santander
hydrographic section.
The Biscay AGL buoy is the IEOOS contribution to the FixO3 European project.
IEO Research vessels underway monitoring
Nowadays the IEO maintains continuously working five thermosalinometers (TSG), four
meteorological stations, four marine data management systems and two vessel-mounted ADCP on board the IEO R/V fleet. Collected data are routinely sent to
the IEO data centre for quality control (mainly date, position and range for
near-realtime data), dissemination and archiving.
An automatic data processing system was developed to manage all the
information generated in quasi-real time by this surface sampling network.
The developed software applies standard systematic control subroutines and
prepares the data to save them into local databases and generate preliminary
graphical outputs. All network data are stored in a Thematic Realtime
Environmental Distributed Data Services server (THREDDS) to facilitate
access by the scientific community and its visualization by means of Open
Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard services. Nowadays an automatic data
storage system based on a PostgresSQL/PostGIS database is being developed in order
to make easy the implementation of a user-friendly web service to visualize
and download this kind of data.
These systematic measures have allowed some climatological products based on
repeated measurements. So, from thermosalinometer data, the monthly sampling
survey from Santander to Gijón, has enabled subsurface temperature and
salinity maps of the Cantabrian Sea and allowed us to arrive at a better
description of coastal conditions and their seasonal variability. In Galician
rias where the inter-seasonal variations have consequences such as algae blooms
that strongly affect local fisheries, the weekly repeated surveys (see
Fig. showing the four tracks in December 2015) of R/V Navaz
since 2008 allows us to arrive at better description of the variability
patterns .
Weekly repeated tracks of the R/V Navaz during
December 2015.
IEO contribution to Argo international programme
Spain has participated in the international Argo programme since its beginning
. This participation began in 2002 through
the first European project when a total of 80 Argo profilers were deployed
in the North Atlantic. Since then, the IEO has led different special governmental
actions through which the Argo–Spain programme is being financed. At this moment
a total of 47 profilers has been deployed since 2003, and nine are active.
Additionally, 10 profilers were acquired for three Spanish research groups as
part of their observational strategy. Currently, continued Spanish participation in the
Argo programme is awaiting official confirmation to adherence to the recently created European research infrastructure Euro-Argo. Nowadays, the Spanish contribution to Argo is a join venture between the IEO and the Balearic Island Coastal Observing and Forecasting System (SOCIB) .
The Spanish participation has always been subject to scientific objectives,
whether to support independent objectives approved under the R+D National
Plan or as a means to achieve the goals of the Argo–Spain programme. These
objectives are the study of the mass transport variability and the changes in
temperature and salinity in the North Atlantic (24.5∘ N)
, and the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the North
Atlantic .
Satellite SST images reception station
In July 1998 a satellite data reception station was mounted at the IEO
Santander Centre. From 1998 to 2007 the station acquired and stored important
information for different studies of ocean trends. Because of technical
problems the station stopped working in 2007, but a new reception station was
mounted in 2010. The system receives, archives, processes and displays
data from NOAA and Metop satellites. From these data, sea surface temperature
(SST) images are obtained for five different geographical areas and
distributed in near-realtime on the IEO website. These SST images are in
JPEG format with a suitable colour palette applied. Nowadays, 10 daily SST
images are available on the website and SST data will soon be available
in a standard distribution format for satellite images.
The main scientific objectives are related to the identification of mesoscale
features, as coastal marine ecosystems and continental margins represent the
transition zone between the continents and ocean basins, and they play
a crucial role in regulating the materials and energy exchanges between
mainland and the deep ocean , being areas of intense biological
productivity. In particular, these data have also been used in studies of the
oceanographic conditions following the Prestige oil spill accident .
Furthermore, assimilation of satellite data is an important tool for the
validation of the hydrographical circulation models of the area and an
important support tool for the design and development of
Spanish oceanographic surveys and research.
Hydrodynamical forecasting models
The IEO runs high-resolution models in the N–NW Iberian Peninsula simulate
oceanographic water conditions and their variability in response to wind events
as well as the oceanographic conditions during harmful algal blooms (HABs). The main
task consists of providing insight into the coastal and ocean dynamics in
support to the intense IEO ecosystem and fisheries research in the area. The
Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) outputs for temperature, salinity and
currents are freely available through a THREDDS server
http://centolo.co.ieo.es:8080/thredds/catalog/ROMS-IEO/catalog.html. In a data viewer
http://www.indicedeafloramiento.ieo.es/index1_en.php, the
following products derived from ROMS model output are generated: thermal, haline and mix layer
fronts, eddies, shellfishing harvesting areas and temperature at beaches.
In recent years, a high-resolution (∼3km) configuration of the
ROMS physical model with realistic atmospheric forcing, which has been shown to represent
the main features of the shelf and slope circulation in the area, was run
coupled to a biogeochemical model (N2PZD2). Any biogeochemical model aimed at
providing a reliable representation of the dynamics of a certain area should
be tuned according to the area characteristics. In an upwelling system, the
composition of phytoplankton varies from the beginning to the end of the
bloom. The spring bloom is reasonably reproduced in the NW and N coasts in
time, space and intensity . Some examples of the use of the IEO
models are to get some insight into sardine recruitment variability
and harmful algal bloom prediction . In the last case, the circulation models
of rias, data from the RV Navaz thermosalinometer and CTD monthly
profiles from the Radiales programme at Ria de Vigo, have enabled an HAB alert process
http://www.asimuth.eu/en-ie/HAB-Bulletin/Pages/default.aspx that is
used by fishermen and local aquiculture enterprises in order to manage their
activities.
Conclusions
The Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) maintains a large and coherent
ocean observing system around the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary and the
Balearic islands. The Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing System
(IEOOS) provides quality-controlled data and information about Spanish
surrounding waters and comprehends several subsystems. Furthermore, all the
information obtained from the IEOOS is valuable
for the study of the biological resources and their dependence on the
physico-chemical variables e.g., and also physical effects
like the formation of deep and intermediate water masses
e.g., modification and transport e.g.,
and oscillations and trends in environmental variables ,
while modelling information is successfully used by local fisheries.
The success of the hydrographical sections extends beyond pure scientific
knowledge, as the expertise gathered with the programme has been applied to
solve multiple environmental issues, from fisheries and pollution to global
change. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), whose main objective
is the achievement of good environmental status of European seas, is planning
marine environment action policy. The IEO is already conducting many
of the required evaluations on the Spanish coasts. In fact, data collected in
the framework of the IEOOS structure has been the core of the initial assessment
and the key element for the identification of environmental objectives that
follow.
The new IEO research vessels are well-equipped automatic systems that
enormously increase the capacity of sampling the ocean along the ship tracks,
and a collaboration with the national forecast services is expected in the
near future in order to provide them data in near-realtime.
In the pursuit of giving visibility to the sampling network IEO data, as well
as the activities of this group, a single web portal style is currently being
developed. This will help to strengthen position and status within the
national and international framework as well as responding to demands under recent proposals such as Emodnet initiatives, the EU
Framework Programme for Research and Innovation: Horizon 2020, and MSFD. In
this sense, the IEO is currently devoting a strong effort to give visibility to
all the data obtained in the framework of its OO programmes, incorporating them
into structures as SeaDataNet or EmodNet, developing web-based viewers and
maintaining permanent servers and services. This effort will
result in a better reuse of data and information obtained and benefit a wide community of final users.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their deepest gratitude to the IEO people, researchers and technicians, who
have made their assistance for the success of this observing system. Special thanks must be given to Daniel Cano and Agueda Cabrero for their patience and support for the figures that are included in this paper.
The monitoring programme of the IEO, the IEOOS is mainly funded by the
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, but some components have been occasionally
funded by ESEAS-RI (EVR1-2001-00042), VACLAN (PN I+D+I
REM2003-08193-CO3-007MAR), COVACLAN (PN I+D+I CTM2007-646007MAR), RAIA
(Interreg POCTEP/2012-2015/0520-RAIA-CO-1E and Interreg
IV/2009-2011/0313-RAIA-1E), FixO3 (FP7-INFRA-2012-1.1.11/312463), INGRES3 (PN
I+D+I, CTM2010-21229-C02), DESMOND (PN I+D+I CTM2008-05695-C02-01)
PERSEUS (FP7-287600) and the IRIS-SES (FP7-07.0335/2013/659540/SUB/C2), FEDER
funds for the satellite SST images reception station (IEOC08-4E-017), Argo special actions
(REN2001-4022-E, CAC2007-02, ICTS2008-14 and ACI2009-998), SeaDataNet
(FP6/2002-2006/026212), SeaDataNetII(FP7/2007-2013/283607), FixO3
(FP7/2007-2013/312463), ASIMUTH (FP7 SPACE.2010.1.1-01 Grant Agreement 261860).Edited by: A. Crise
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